Health 391

• Planned opportunities to learn about health (goals, objectives,activity,criteria)
• Occurs at a given setting at a certain point of time
• Sequential program
• Concepts introduced at appropriate learning levels
• Comprehensive program
• Aspects of health are interrelated
• All affect quality of life
• Interaction between teacher and learner

Is a process where an individual or program meets specefic standards set by the credentialing body and is recoganized.

A process by which a recoganized professional body evaluates an entire college or university professional program.

Process by which an agency or Government grants permission to individuals to practice a given profession.

Process by which professional organization grants recoganition to an individual who upon completion of cmopetency can demonestrate predetermined standard of performance granted to an individual.

Helen Cleary, she wanted to credential programs or individuals. They had to find out if those who practiced health education had enough in common with each other to develope one set of standards.

• School health and community health educators talked with each other
• Similar concepts applied in different settings with different terminology
• 1980 study on the role of health educators

• A degree from accredited university
• An official transcript ( major in health education)
• Or official transcript that reflects 25 semester hours ( course work addressing 7 responsibilities deliniated in frame work)

• National commision for the accreditation of teacher education
• Council on education for public health
• SOPHE/ AAHE

• Assess needs, assets and capacity for health education
• Plan health education
• Implement health education
• Conduct evaluation
• Administer health education
• Serve as a health education resource
• Communicate and advocate for health

A state of compelete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of diseas and infirmity

a dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multi-dminesional in nature, a resource of living and results from persons interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment

• Genetic
• Behavioral
• Social
• Environmental
• Quality of Medical care

• SES
• Race and ethnicity
• Social support ( very important factor)
• Work conditions

This term is the most inclusive term. What we do as a society to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy( IOM)

Health status of a defined group of people and actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health.

The health status of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health.

Group of people who have common characteristis, can be defined by location, race, age, ethnicity, interest

• Membership
• Common symbol system
• Shared values
• Mutual influence
• Shared needs
• Shared emotional connection

• Trust (openness, curiosity,respect)
• Tolerance(confident expectations that people will act honestly)

• Physical factors ( community size, gerography)
• Social and cultural factors ( traditions)
• Community organization (moblizing resources)
• Individual behavior

• Paid attention to environmental health (wells for drinking, protection of drinking water)
• Engaged in personal health hygine and preventive medicine ( did not eat smelly food, made tea with boiling water, herbal medicine)

• Personal cleaning and baths
• Alcohol in moderation
• Hammurabi code of conduct
• Mosaic law ( weekly day of rest, certain permissible behaviors, extended what egyptions were working on)

• Greeks focused on the individual and Romans focused on the state.
• Greeks focused on the physical strength but did not focus on sanitation or the environment but Romans conducted community health projects ( census, street cleaning, public bath)

• Year of the Plague
• This was more of spiritual era where people believed disease were because the spirit of human was being tormented or they were being punished for their sins

• Thinking more about nature of the world and the mankind
• payed more attention to who was sick
• Thought that disease was not caused by spiritual factors but because of the environmental factors

Vapors and microorganisms in the air caused diseases.

• Chadwick report in england
• Shattuck report in US which marked the start of modern era of public health
• Bacteriology phase when cause of many bacterial diseases were discoverd

• Leading cause of death became noninfectious disease
• Mean life expectancy 50
• Learned about vitamin deficiancy
• Poor dental health
• Death with pregnancy and child birth

• Social reform phase
• The great depression
• WW2
• The post war years

Provided funds to improve quality of care in hospitals

occupational safety and protection of employee

• Health care delivery( greatest community health challange)
• Environmental problems(pollution of air and water,disposal of waste)
• Lifestyle disease(hearth disease,cancer,stroke and chronic lower respiratory disease)
• Communicable disease(cross over disease from animals, use of pathogens for terrorism)
• Alcohol and other drug abuse(associated with unintentional injuries)
• Disasters(natural or human made

1977

1979

• The nation's health promotion and disease prevention agenda
• A roadmap to improve health using a 10 year plan
• Comprises three parts
• ** The surgeon general's report on health promotion and disease prevention

Five major goals for the nation that is organized across the life span and goals and objectives has priority areas

• Healthy infants(improve infants health and mortality, reduce # of low birth weights and birth defects)
• Healthy children
• Healthy young adults(reduce death among people ages 25 to 64, reducing heart attacks, reducing death from cancer, alcohol abuse and mental health)
• Healthy adults
• Healthy older adults(improve the health and QofL and reduce the average # of days of restricted activity, increase # of elders who can function independently and reduce premature deaths)

• Preventive health services
• Health protection
• Health promotion

• Published in 1983
• Described implementation plans for achieveing the health objectives for the nation
• Included strategies agencies could employ to help achieve the objectives

• Reduce health disparities
• Achieve access to preventive health service for all americans

• 22 priority areas
• Four broad categories:
• health promotion
• health protection
• preventive health services
• survelliance

• Supported by scientific evidence
• Important and understandable to broad audiance
• Relate to goals
• Prevention oriented
• Drive action
• Measureable range of outcomes
• Build on healthy people

• Measureable objectives providing direction for action (baseline data)
• Developmental objectives providing a vision for desired outcome or health status (baseline data unavailable)

• Eliminate health disparity
• Increase quality and hears of healthy life
• ** 28 priority areas

• Understanding and improving health
• Healthy people objectives for improving health
• Tracking healthy people 2010

Particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social and economic disadvantages. Difference in incidence, prevalance, mortality and burden of the disease and other adverse health condition

Entail special effort to who have experianced social or economic disadvantage.

• Collaboration and consensus
• Wide array of diverse users
• Public access via internet
• Science and evidance based
• Data driven
• Measureable objective with targets

• Balancing between encyclopedic approach and targeted effort
• Integration target setting across all areas
• Developing and funding of data sources
• Developing and implementatation plan
• Providing technical assistance

• based on the accomplishment of 4 previous healthy people.
• 1979: the surgeon general report
• 1990: promoting health preventing disease
• 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention
• 2010: objectives for improving health

• Adolesent health
• Blood disorders
• Dementias
• Early and middle childhood
• Older adults
• Q of L
• Sleep health
• Health care associated with infections

• Access existing health-related data
• Collect health-related data
• Distinguish between behaviors that foster and hinder well-being
• Determine factors that influence learning
• Identify factors that foster or hinder the process of health education
• Infer needs for health education from obtained data

• Involve people and organizations in program planning
• Incorporate data analysis and principles of community organization
• Formulate appropriate and measurable program objectives
• Develop a logical scope and sequence plan for health education practice
• Competency E
• Design strategies, interventions, and programs consistent with specified objectives
• Select appropriate strategies to meet objectives
• Assess factors that affect implementation

• Initiate a plan of action
• Demonstrate a variety of skills in delivering strategies, interventions, and programs
• Use a variety of methods to implement strategies, interventions, and programs
• Conduct training programs

• Develop plans for evaluation and research
• Review research and evaluation procedures
• Design data collection instruments
• Carry out evaluation and research plans
• Interpret results from evaluation and research
• Infer implications from findings for future health-related activities

• Competency A
• Exercise organizational leadership
• Competency B
• Secure fiscal resources
• Competency C
• Manage human resources
• Competency D
• Obtain acceptance and support for programs

• Competency A
• Use health-related information resources
• Competency B
• Respond to requests for health information
• Competency C
• Select resource materials for dissemination
• Competency D
• Establish Consultative Relationships

• Analyze and respond to current and future needs in health education
• Apply a variety of communication methods and techniques
• Promote the health education profession individually and collectively
• Influence health policy to promote health

• Attaining high quality longer lives free of preventable diseases
• Achieve health equity and eliminate health disparities
• Create social and physical environments that promotes good health
• Promote quality of life

This concept is a concept that looks beyond biological factors that contribute to an individuals health. there are four other factors contributing to an individual's health environment, social facotrs, health care and biological

It tries to concentrate on interactions between elements and studies the effect of interactions for example healthy people goals, objectives, determinants of health and improved health status

Interventions( policies, programs and information) these have outcomes that can be assesed, monitored evaluate and disseminated

Agent, Host and Environment.

Behavior, environment and host . In this construct we can have multiple factors contributing to multiple diseases.

• Individual
• Interpersonal
• Organizational
• Community
• society

Attitude, behavior and skills

Relationships and social network

Formal and informal rules

Relationship among organizations

Local, state and national laws

• Microsystem: family, peers
• Exosystem: school and community
• Macrosystem: political system, economy

• Model developed by Hamilton and Bhatti
• Concepts from Ottawa charter for health promotion and evidence based desision making
• Results in a focus on the right issues effective actions and sound findings

• Biological agens ( bacteria, viruses,fungi,protozoa)
• Chemical agents(food additives, pestiside, air pollutants)
• Physical agents(heat,light,noise)

• Communicable(infectious) vs. Noncommunicable(noninfectious): can't be transmitted
• Acute ( 3 month or less) vs. chronic ( more than 3 month)

• Epidemiology
• Community organizing
• Health promotion programming

A process through which communities are helped to identify common problems or goals , moblize their resources and develop and implement strategies for reaching goals ( those golas are collectively set)

Connection among people and socical networks, the reciprocity and trust among members

process

Community organizing that starts where the people are and engages community members as equals

Relationships and structures within the community that promote coopration for mutual benefit

• People and organizations apply their skills and resources collectively to meet their needs
• People work to gain greater influence and control over determinants of their health and quality of life

• Communities can develop the capacity to deal with their own problems
• People want to change
• People should participate in making, adjusting or controlling major changes taking place in their community
• Holistic approach ( not only looking at one condition) is better than fragmented approach
• Changes that is self-imposed or self developed has meaning and permance that imposed changes
• Democracy requireds cooperative participation
• People must learn necessary skills
• Communities may need help organizing to address their need

• Locality development
• Social planning
• Social action

• A broad self help method
• Process oriented
• Consensus building and cooperation stressed
• Build group identity and sense of community

• Many people involved
• Skilled volunteers from the community
• Focus on problem solving ( Rational, Empirical,Task oriented)

• This step is very task oriented.
• It is a technique involving the redistribution of power and resources to disadvanteged segment of the population
• Allows institutional or community change

Bacteria, virus, fungi or parasite or their products that can cause disease

Signs and symptoms that give evidence of an infection

Physical manifestation of illness, injury or disease ( rapid pulse, low BP

• Subjective
• What the patient experiances

Interval from time of infection to when clinical signs of illness appear

Continious presence of disease in a geographical are

Person or animal not having enough resistance against infection to prevent contracting the disease

Ability of infectious agent to invade and damage tissue

• Direct ( immidiate transmission)
• Indirect (vector borne)

Ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host

Capability of a communicable disease agent to cause disease

Element that must be present in order for cause of disease to occur

Any susseptible organism invaded

all other factors that inhibit or promote disease

• Pathogen: disease causing agent
• Reservoir: the habitat ( human, habitat, environment)
• Portal of exit: path by which agent leave the source
• Mode of transmission: direct, indirect( air borne, vector borne)
• Portal of entry: agent enter suseptible host
• New host: final link

• Complex etiologies
• Multicausation disease model

• Genetics
• Personality and beliefs
• Behavioral choices
• Environment
• ** similar to socio-ecological model and also a frame work of HP 2020

Damage to the coronary arteries #1 killer

Narrowing of the blood vessles resulting the build up of fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels

Blood supply to the brain is disrupted

Out of control growth and division of cells which develops into tumors #2 killer

Part of tumor break off and travel to the rest of the body

CHD, Cancer and Stroke

Planning for and taking of action to forestall the onset of disease( immunization)

Taking action during event(antibiotic)

Limiting transmission

Elimination of the disease

• Measures that forestall onset of illness( immunization)
• good health behavior
• health education and promotion
• access to medical services
• protection from environment

• Measure that leads to early diagnosis ( screening)
• mass screening
• case finding measure
• adequate health personal
• cancer screenings

• Measures that aim at rehabilitation ( physical therapy)
• understanding unmodifiable risks
• significant behavior or life style change
• rehab program
• counsling