Anatomy Exam 2

muscles get soft and bow under weight

soft bone becomes less dense

study of joints

study of movement

2 or more bones ossified into a single bone

• fibrous CT
• ex) sutures

connect teeth to their sockets

large sheets of fibrous CT - interosseous membranes

hyaline cartilage joins the bone

fibro cartilages - intervertebral disc/ pubis symphesis

wear and tear on bones

• autoimmune disease
• inflammation of the synovial membrane

study of cells

• single layer - flat
• small intestine
• air sacs in lungs
• function: rapid diffusion

• single layer
• secretion/absorption in gland
• liver, thyroid, kidney tubules

• absorption aided by brush border of microvilli
• sm intestine - all attached at basement membrane

• goblet cells - respiratory system
• trachea, bronchi

• functions: protection
• epidermis thick skin - dead cells

• Function: protection but not as thick
• exposed to outside enviornment
• tongue, mouth, vagina

• two more layers of cells
• sweat glands

• distensible
• bladder
• external layer of umbilical cord

• out layer of skin
• keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

• produce keratinocytes
• found in stratum basale of epidermis

synthesize keratin

• synthesize melanin
• found in stratum basale of epidermis

receptors for touch

• macrophages that originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis of the oral cavity, esophagus and vagina
• found in stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum of epidermis

• deepest layer of epidermis
• single layer cuboidal, columnar stem cells, keratinocytes

• several layers of keratinocytes
• thickest stratum

• 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes, some dentritic cells
• thick skin

• thin translucent zone
• eleidin - clear protein

• 30 layers of dead keratinized cells
• surface layer of epidermis

process of cell death

upward waves, fingerlike extensions of the dermis that connect to the epidermal ridges protruding downward

• top layer of dermal
• areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae
• loosely organized fibrous CT

• deeper layer of the dermis
• thicker layer
• dense irregular CT

• apocrine sweat glands
• merocrine sweat glands
• sebaceous glands
• ceruminous glands
• mammary glands

• groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beard area
• scent glands --> stress and sexual stimulation
• sex pheromones

• palms, soles, forehead
• myoepithelial cells
• stratified cuboidal epithelium - dermis
• keratinocytes - epidermis

produce sebum - vernix caseosa

• ear canal
• secrete ear wax

• core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces
• center of hair

bulk of hair

• outside layer
• multiple very thin layers that overlap

• melanin
• hemoglobin
• carotene
• bilirubin

• stratum basale
• small shiny bumps

• stratum spinosum
• scaley, red

• most deadly
• melanocyts
• often existing mole
• requires surgery, radiation

• striated
• multinucleated
• cells are long muscle fibers
• voluntary control
• nucleus pushed to the side

• striated
• one or a few nuclei
• centrally lovated nuclei
• involuntary control

• non striated
• fusiform shape -- tapered ends
• single nucleus
• involuntary movement

type of movement in smooth muscle

• muscle cells
• surrounded by endomysium

• bundle of muscle fibers
• surrounded by perimysium

surrounded by epimysium --> then fascia

• broad sheet of tendon
• ex) palmar aponeurosis

feather shaped

• O: manubrium of sternum, medial 1/3 of clavicle
• I: mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line

somatic motor neurons

• produces most of the force during joint action
• ex) brachialis m. in elbow flexion

• muscle that aids the prime mover
• ex) biceps brachii overlies the brachialis in elbow flexion

• muscle that opposes the prime mover
• brachialis acts as an antagonist to slow the extension of elbow

• muscle that prevents a bone from moving
• rhombois hold the scapula in place

fulcrum to the point of effort

fulcrum to the point of resistance

fulcrum in the middle

resistance in the middle

effort is applied b/w fulcrum and resistance

• O: galea aponeurotica
• I: subcutaneous tissue of the eyebrows and orbicularis oculi muscle
• A: elevate eyebrows, wrinkle forehead

• O: Occipital bone (superior nuchel line) and some temporal bone
• I: Galea apon
• A: Retracts scalp; synergist

• O: medial orbit - frontal bone and maxillae, lacrimal bone
• I: laterally on upper and lower eyelids, around perimeter
• A: closes eyelids, squinting, compresses the lacrimal gland - move tears across eye

• O: sphenoid bone
• I: upper eyelid
• A: elevate the upper eyelid, open eyes

• O: tooth sockets of maxillae and mandible
• I: blend with muscles at the angle of the mouth
• A: cheek compression (blow up a balloon), direct food over molars

• O: modiolus of the mouth
• I: lips, fibers blend with fibers on other side
• A: closing lips, protruding lips (kiss/speech)

• O: zigomatic arch
• I: ramus and angle of the mandible
• A: elevate and close the jaw/mandible (eating)

• O: temporal bone
• I: coronoid process of the mandible
• A: elevates the mandible, lateral/medial excursions, retraction/protruding of jaw (eating/chewing)

• superficial muscle
• O: fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major (upper thorax)
• I: mandible, skin, subcutaneous tissue of lower face
• A: "horror" expression, draws lower lip and angle of mouth down

• suprahyoid group
• infrahyoid group
• O: hyoid bone (superior/inferior)
• I: lower mouth, tongue, larynx, mandible
• A: swallowing, chewing, opening mouth wide, vocalizing -- synergist

muscles within a group (O and I the same)

crosses regions (O and I different)

• superficial m.
• O: occipital bone (superior nuchal line), nuchal ligament, C7 to T12 (spinous process)
• I: acromion and spine of scapula, lateral 1/3 of clavicle
• A: may very
• -upper fibers: elevate scapula
• -middle fibers: adducts scapulae (bring together)
• -lower fibers: depression of scapula

• really large
• O: T6-T12 spinous process, lumbar and sacral vertebrae via the thoracolumbar fascia
• I: intertubercular groove of humerus
• A: medial rotation, adduction, backward arm swing (rower/bowling)

• O: sternum, costal cartilage, medial clavicle
• I: humerus (lateral ridge of intertubercular groove)
• A: arm adduction, medial rotation

• O: clavicle (lateral), acromion and spine of scapula
• I: humerus (deltoid tuberosity)
• A: abduction of the arms (pushing them out), anterior/posterior fibers can direct the swing of the arm

• supraspinatus
• infraspinatus
• teres minor
• subscapularis
• O: fossae of scapula
• I: greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
• A: adduction, absuction, rotation, shoulder stabilization

• O: anterior surface of distal half of humerus
• I: coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
• A: elbow flexion

• O: long head - superior margin of glenoid cavity; short head - caracoid process
• I: tuberosity of radius, fascia of forearm
• A: supination of forearm, synergist in elbow flexion, shoulder flexion, shoulder stabilization

• O: long head - inferior margin of glenoid cavity and joint capsule; lateral head - posterior surface of proximal end of humerus; medial head - posterior surface of entire humeral shaft
• I: olecranon, fascia of forearm
• A: extends elbow, extends/adducts humerus

• O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
• I: dorsal surface of phalanges II - IV via palpate tendons
• A: extension of phalanges

• palmer anterior surface
• A: adduction/abduction of the thumb

• O: posterior lateral ilium, lower sacrum, coccyx
• I: distal, posterior femur and proximal tibia via the iliotibial band
• A: thigh abduction, elevation from a squat, extending the thigh a the hip (climbing stairs)

• extra thick band of CT on lateral thigh (fascia lata)
• runs from iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle

• O: outer lateral surface of ilium, from crest ot acetabulum
• I: greater trochanter of femur
• A: thigh abduction, medial rotation, shifting balane to weight bearing leg as we walk

• O: anterior superior iliac spine
• I: proximal medial tibia
• A: lateral rotaiton of the thigh and abduction (cross your legs)

• O: pubic arch (medial)
• I: proximal medial tibia (medial to sartorius)
• A: thigh adduction, knee flexion (horse riding)

• Rectus Femoris (O- Ilium - superior margin acetabulum)
• Vastus lateralis (O- femur - proximal shaft)
• Vastus intermedius (O- femur)
• Vastus medialus (O- femur)
• I: tibial tuberosity via quadriceps femoris tendon
• A: leg extension and thigh flexion

• biceps femoris (short and long head)
• semi tendinosus
• semimembranosis
• O: ischial tuberosity
• I: proximal tibia and fibula
• A: hip extension, knee flexion, rotation of the thigh

• O: lateral condyle of femur, lateral proximal shaft of the tibia, interosseus membrane b/w tibia and fibula
• I: metatarsal I, medial cuneform tarsal bone in distal row
• A: Dorsiflexion

• medial and lateral head
• O: condyles and popliteal surface of femur
• I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
• A: plantar flexion of foot

• deep to gastrochemius
• O: posterior head and proximal femur, middle 1/3 of tibia, interosseus membrane
• I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
• A: plantar flexion of foot

• O: ribs 5-12 and CC
• I: linea alba, iliac crest, pubic tubercle (via rectus sheath
• A: support, protection, posture, stability, forceful exhalation, compression, rotation at the waist

• O: inguinal ligament, ilium
• I: linea alba via rectus sheath
• A: support, protection, posture, stability, forceful exhalation, compression, rotation at the waist

• deepest
• I: linea alba (posterior) via rectus sheath
• A: support, protection, posture, stability, forceful exhalation, compression, rotation at the waist

• 6 pack
• O: pubis - crest of ilium, symphysis
• I: xiphoid process, cc5-7
• A: trunk flexion and compression

• 3 small muscles
• O: pubis and ischium
• I: coccyx
• A: support and forms the pelvic floor

loop of sm intestine bulges out of canal

seperation that can occur along the linea alba

open space in tube

inner most tissue layer