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Fungi
1. Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
2. Cell strucures
3. Have a nucleus?
4. # of chromosomes?
5. Cell walls?
6. Undergo mitosis?
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1. Eukaryotic
- 2. Lots of cell structures.
- 3. Have a nucleus.
- 4. Many chromosomes.
- 5. They have cell walls made of starch/cellulose. They have no PG in cell walls.
- 6. They undergo mitosis.
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Fungi; Yeasts
1. Uni- or multi- cellular?
2. Shape and size?
3. Reproduction
- 1. Usually unicellular.
- 2. Spherical or oval in shape, 3-7μm
- 3. Reproduce asexually by budding, not binary fission.
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Fungi; Yeasts
4 types of yeasts?
- -Saccharomyces
- -Candida albicans (aka Monila albicans)
- -Cryptococcus neoformans
- -Pneumocystis jiraveci (aka Pneumocystis carinii)
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Fungi; Yeasts; Saccharomyces
What is Saccharomyces?
baker's or brewer's yeast, non-pathogenic
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Fungi; Yeasts; Candida
Characteristics of Candida
- -Most common pathogenic yeast
- -Dimorphic yeast
- 1. Appears as a typical yeast at 37oC (body temp)
- 2. Appears like a mold at cooler temps.
- a. Chains of cells called psuedohyphae
- b. Clusters of reproductive spores called blastospores
- c. Large terminal survival spores called Chlamydospores
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Fungi; Yeasts; Candida
Infections are referred to as candidiasis. 4 types of Candida infections?
- -Vaginitis
- -Thrush (oral Candidiasis)
- -Dermatitis
- -Systemic Candida (inside body)
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Fungi; Yeasts; Candida; Infections
Characteristics of Vaginitis yeast infections?
- -Results in a creamy white discharge
- -Some discomfort
- -Maybe bleeding
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Fungi; Yeasts; Candida; Infections
Characteristics of Thrush yeast infections?
- -Infection of mouth, tongue, and gums
- -Common in babies, AIDS patients, and cancer patients undergoing radiation treatments.
- -Results in white coating on tongue gums, throat.
- -Bleeding.
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Fungi; Yeasts; Candida; Infections
Characteristics of Dermatitis yeast infections?
- -Skin rash, red, peeling.
- -Occurs on moist skin.
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Fungi; Yeasts; Candida; Infections
Characteristics of Systemic Candida yeast infections?
- -Found in immunosuppressed people
- -Causes, Pneumonia, Meningitis, Encephalitis
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Fungi; Yeasts; Candida
2 drugs to treat Candida?
- -Nystatin
- -Ketoconazole; Chlortrimazole, Lotramin
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Fungi; Yeasts; Cryptococcus neoformans - capsulated yeast
Characteristics of Cryptococcus neoformans?
1. Where is it found?
2. Human injestion?
3. Causes and syptoms of infection?
Causes cryptococcosis
- 1. Found in soils containing pigeon droppings.
- 2. Humans inhale yeast in soil particles.
- 3. Causes respiratory infection, Cough, fever, congestion, fatigue
- 4. If it is chronic. Pneumonia, scarring of lungs, show as a TB-like illness.
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Fungi; Yeasts; Cryptococcus neoformans
What is Cryptococcus neoformans treated with?
Amphoterian B
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Fungi; Yeasts; Pneumocystis jiraveci
What is the major infections caused by Pneumocystis jiraveci?
- -Causes sever pneumonia in AIDS patients.
- -#1 cause of death of AIDS patients.
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Fungi; Yeasts; Pneumocystis jiraveci
What is Pneumocystis jiraveci treated with?
Treated with flagyl (anti-protozoa drug)
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Fungi, Molds
1. Uni- or multi- cellular?
Usually multicellular
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Fungi, Molds
Produce branches and chains of cells called?
Hyphae
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Fungi, Molds
2 types of hyphae and their functions.
- -Vegetative hyphae; grows along a surface
- 1. Anchor mold to surface
- 2. Obtain nutrients.
-Aerial hyphae contain reproductive spores.
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Fungi, Molds
3 Common non-pathogenic molds found in the Eastern US.
- -Aspergillus
- -Penicillium
- -Rhizopus
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Fungi, Molds; Aspergillus
What are the 4 structures of Aspergillus mold?
- 1. White vegetative hyphae
- 2. Aerial hyphae called conidiophore
- 3. Swollen vesicle at end of conidiophore called conidium
- 4. Black spores layered on vesicles called conidiospores.
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Fungi, Molds; Aspergillus
Characteristics of Aspergillus?
- Is non-pathogenic although some people are allergic to the spores.
- Many exposures to certain species of Aspergillus growing on peanuts & peanut butter may cause Aspergillus to produce a toxin called aflatoxin.
- -Aflatoxin is known to cause liver cancer.
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Fungi, Molds; Penicillium
What are the 4 structures of Penicillium mold?
- 1. White vegetative hyphae
- 2. Aerial hyphae called conidiophore
- 3. Multiple branches atop of conidiophore called sterigmata.
- 4. Green/Blue/Black spores layered stacked on sterigmata called conidiospores.
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Fungi, Molds; Penicillium
Characteristics of Penicillium?
- Known as bread mold.
- Non-pathogenic although some people are allergic.
- Very beneficial mold
- -Produces antibiotic called Penicillin
- -And other food products (cheese)
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Fungi, Molds; Rhizopus
What are the 4 structures of Rhizopus mold?
- 1. White/Silver vegetative hyphae
- 2. Aerial hyphae called sporangiophore
- 3. Sporangiophore is topped by a sac called the sporangium
- 4. The sporangium is filled with black spores called sporangiospores.
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Fungi, Molds
2 types of pathogenic molds.
- Dermatophyte Molds
- Systemic Dimorphic Molds
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Fungi, Molds; Dermatophyte Molds
3 types of infection areas of Dermatophyte Molds.
- On skin it causes a red, raised, circular, itchy rash (ring worm, aka Tinea)
- On hair it causes hair loss
- Under nail causes thickening, discoloration, and loss of nail.
- (mold need keratin to grow)
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Fungi, Molds; Dermatophyte Molds
Types of dermatophyte infections.
- Tinea capitis - scalp
- Tinea barbae - face (shaving)
- Tinea corpis - ring worm
- Tinea inguinale (Tinea cruris) - groin, jock itch
- Tinea pedis - feet (athlete's foot)
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Fungi, Molds; Dermatophyte Molds
3 types of Dermatophyte Molds
- Microsporum
- Trichophyton
- Epidermophyton
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Fungi, Molds; Dermatophyte Molds
Structure of Dermatophyte Molds
- Tan/Brown vegetative hyphae.
- No conidiophore
- 3 types of spore structures, Microconidia, Macroconidia, Spindle Macroconidia
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Fungi, Molds; Dermatophyte Molds
Treatment of Dermatophyte Molds
- Griseofulvin - Grisactin, Tinactin
- Ketoconazole - Lotramin
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Fungi, Molds; Systemic Dimorphic Molds
What are the dimorphic forms?
- Inside the body mold appears yeast-like
- Outside the body it appears mold-like
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Fungi, Molds; Systemic Dimorphic Molds
Example of a Systemic Dimorphic Mold?
Histoplasma capsulatum
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Fungi, Molds; Systemic Dimorphic Molds; Histoplasma capsulatum
2 structures of Histoplasma capsulatum?
- 1. White vegetative hyphae
- 2. Tuberculate macroconidia (spores)
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Fungi, Molds; Systemic Dimorphic Molds; Histoplasma capsulatum
Characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum?
- Found in soils in Eastern US
- Need specific nutrients in soil from bird or bat droppings
- -Crows, blackbirds, starlings, chickens, ravens,
- Spores can be inhaled and cause tuberculosis-like symptoms, but has a different treatment than TB
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Fungi, Molds; Systemic Dimorphic Molds; Histoplasma capsulatum
Treatment of Histoplasma capsulatum?
Treated with Amphoterian B
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