Pain

Protective, identifiable, short duration

Is not productive and has no purpose or may not have identifiable cause

Chronic pain lasts longer than anticipated pain and can be cancerous or noncancerous. Chronic noncancerous pain may include arthritis, headache, low back pain, or peripheral neuropathy. This type of pain is non–life threatening.

Occurs sporadically over an extended duration

Can be acute or chronic

Musculoskeletal, visceral, or neuropathic

Chronic pain without an identifiable physical or psychological cause (like fibromyalgia)

Pain can be categorized by duration (chronic or acute) or pathology (cancer or neuropathic).

Aphasic, cognitively impaired, intubated, mentally impaired, or pediatric clients.

COLDSPA

• Treat moderate to severe pain
• Associated with respiratory depression and adverse effects of nausea, vomiting, constipation, itching, urinary retention, and altered mental processes

PCA allows clients to help manage their pain. However, the client must be able to participate in this type of intervention.

The most common types of drugs used in PCA are morphine, hydromorphone, and fentanyl.

drugs used to treat other conditions but they also have analgesic qualities (tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants).s/coanalgesics

Local and regional anesthesia are used in a variety of conditions including labor and delivery, chronic cancer pain, and selected postoperative procedures.

• Clients with chronic pain need to be given medications on a regular basis. The WHO recommends a three-step approach to the management of cancer pain.
• Treatment begins with NSAIDs and/or adjuvants and progresses to opioids.

Transdermal fentanyl is 100 times more potent than morphine and provides analgesia for 48 to 72 hours. This route is used when clients are unable to take oral medications.

Transmucosal fentanyl exists for breakthrough pain. The fentanyl is swabbed into the mouth.

15 to 30 minutes after administration.

A state of adaptation that is manifested by a drug class specific wihtdrawal syndrome produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or adinistration of an antagonist.

A state of adaptation in which exposure to a durg induces changeds that result in a diminution of one or more of the drug's effects over time.

A primary, chonic, neurbiologic disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its devleopment nad manifestations. Addictive behaviors include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving.

Client behaviors (drug seeking) that occur when pain is undertreated.

Need to increase opioid dose for reasons other than opioid tolerance: progression of disease, onset of new disorder, increased physical adtivity, lack of adherence, change in opioid formulation, drug-drug interaction, drug-food interaction.