Respiration

• Exchange of air, used to burn food as fuel
• Oxygen in
• Carbon Dioxide out

Taking in air

Letting out air

• Ventilation
• External respiration
• Transportation of oxygen
• Internal respiration

• First act in breathing
• Fills all space in lung with air

Transfer of oxygen into blood strean through cell epithelium

Movement of oxygen through blood

Oxygen enters the cell and used to make ATP

• Waste product
• Only removed by oxygen intake-no O2 become lactic acid

• Made of cartilage
• Makes air moist, warm, dry for body
• Filters with mucas to trap bugs
• Resingating chamber-amplifies sound
• Orfaction-senc of smell

• Filter
• Made of cilia
• Moves air in one direction

Nasal hairs

Infection of nasal cavity

Infection from nasal cavity infection, infects sinuses

Found in nasal mucas

• Folds in nasal cavity
• Resingnates voice

9 rings made of hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Biggest ring, fusion of parts makes adams apple

• Adams apple
• Fusion of thryoid cartilage

• At juncution of trachea
• Closes and opens to make sound, vibrations
• Controled by brain, cerebral hemisphere

• Above vocal cords
• Inflammation=Larengitis

• In back of trachea
• 10-12 cen long

Outer most layer of rings of thrachea

• Looks like two layers but only one
• Has cilia
• Inside layer of trachea

Cough-reflex brought on by irritation of cilia

• Mucous membrane
• Submucosa
• Adventitia

Hyaline cartilage

Bronchia-made of muscle

Cellular structures with air pockets

Junction or branch where thachea is split

Formed where thachea divides

• 3 lobes
• Superior lobe
• Middle lobe
• Inferior lobe

• Has 2 lobes
• Superior lobe
• Inferior lobe

Tube made of muscle that leads to respiratory bronchioles which leads to alveoli

Branch after terminal bronchiole that supports the alveolar sac

packed with aveolar sacks packed with aveoli

Packed with alveoli attached by aveolar duct to bronchiolos

Inside each alveoli

Dark area inside each alveolar duct

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through blood supply
• Sacs have alot of blood supply

Elastic so they can move air by opening and closing

Made of scramus epitherlial cells-very thin layer that allows exchange or gases

Very thin single layer so oxygen and cardon dioxide can slip through

• Angiotensin 1 converting enzyme "ACE"
• Controls blood pressure

• Surfactant
• Reduces the surface tension of water
• Breaks hydrogen bonds in water to break up mucus so you can breath

Thick mucus-no surfactant

Movement of oxygen from lung cell to blood

Movement of carbon dioxide from blood to lung cell

Immune cells-2 million come out of lungs that go into saliva and recyceled

Inflammation of parietal fluid in lung area-spreads to lung you get phnemonia

Surrounds lung

Branches in 23 places

Taking in air

Letting air out

756 mm Hg=4 below ATM

• 760mm Hg inside lung
• Shifts up and down only 1mm

Colapsed lung-no pressure in pleural cavity

Air gets in pleural cavity and accumulates in lung

• External intercostals-muscles
• Moves up (inferiorly) when breathing in
• Moves down (superiorly) when letting out

• As tubes get smaller so does the amout of air flow
• Less volume more resistance

• Infant Respitory Disfunction Syndrom
• Sarfactant levels are low-lungs not fully formed-think mucus in lungs not broken up

Breaks down hydrogen bonds so water can pass through and break down mucus

Lungs are elastic and recoil-highly elastic better breathing

• Made of cartilage
• Becomes hard and thorax cant expand to breath

500ml of normal air in or out

• 3100ml
• Deep breath-reserve volume

• 1200ml
• Letting out a deep breath, pushing it all out

• 1200ml
• Remamains in lung
• Residual is always left in lung

• 4800ml
• Total of inspiratory, tidal, expiratory volumes
• Not residual

• 6000ml
• All inspiratory, tidal, expiratory,residual volumes added up

150ml of sir trapped in lung-even when dead

Total amount of air that goes in and out

• 12 breaths per min
• 6 liters per min

• Law of partial pressure
• Each element has its own pressure exserted
• Total pressure of system is the sum of each elements pressure exserted

• Solubility of gas in liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure
• The higher the partial pressure the more soluble it is

When O2 becomes "-" or a free racdical it becomes highly toxic to cell

• Nitrogen builds up in blood
• Caused by no decompression

Nitrogen bubbles in blood that dont dissolve and collect in joints

Hyperbaract chamber-oxygen forced into body to absorbe more to covert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide which is less deadly

Air comes in and then goes into blood

• Vasciolation goes up air intake goes up
• Vasciolation goes down air intake goes down

Hemoglobin-protein in blood

When hemoglobin is carring oxygen

When hemoglobin is not carring oxygen

Low oxygen in blood

Blue color no oxygen in blood

• Anemia Hypoxia
• Ischemiac Hypoxia
• Histotoxic Hypoxia
• Hypoxemic Hypoxia

Low RBC count-less oxygen being brought to cells

Any kind of Blockage that blocks the follow of oxygen rich blood

Poisoning of tissue

Low oxygen partial pressure

• Most goes to RBC
• Some goes to plasma

• Enters RBC become and acid then Bicarbonate ion and leaves RBC as
• HCO3-

HCO3- levels make plasma a - charge so CL- is sent back to RBC to counter act - charge

Starts exchage of O2 & CO2

When more carbin dioxide is carried in blood

• Most goes into RBC
• Alittle is dissolved in plasma

• Weakening of hemoglobin and oxygen bond
• Breaks them apart so oxygen can be used by cell

When hemoglobin carries carbon dioxide

Cerebelum of brain-Pons region

Makes chest box go up and down

Control the diaphram up and down

Inflation Reflex-reflex to breath cant stop it

Normal breathing

Stop breathing

Deep breath

Low carbon dioxide-breath in bag

High carbon dioxide-hyperventilate

Inflamatory responce to alergie

Physicaly block bronchi

Cronic obstructed pulminary distress

Difficultly breathing

• Alveoli start colapsing
• Barrel chest

90% smoking