clin path urinalysis

provides information of the state of the kidneys and the animal's ability to normally filter and excrete metabolites

collect midstream, clean vulva or prepuce first, not good for bacterial culture

needle into abdominal wall, aseptic technique, full bladder only and empty completely, urine cultures

pass a rubber, plastic of metal catheter through urethra into bladder, do as asceptically as possible

obtain a midstream sample, clean vulva and prepuce, not food for bacterial cultures, and never do if obstructed or pregnant

looking for the presence of cells

looking for amounts of cells

three portions of urinalysis

normal urine volume

increased volume of urine production. decreased specific gravity, increased water consumption

refers with frequent urination, often confused with polyuria by clients, indicates nephritis or diabetes

decreased volume of urine production

complete absence of urine formation or elimination

normal urine color in domestic animals

renal disease, excess water intake, diabetes, pyometra

decreased fluid intake, dehydration, fever (urine color)

bile pigments present (urine color)

if cloudy (hematuria) if translucent (hemoglobinuria), urine color

hemoglobin and large amounts of bile, urine color

drugs or bile pigments, urine color

should be normal if fresh (except horses), transparency or urine

may become cloudy after standing, may contain cellular debris

yellow color in urine is due to these pigments

the density of a quantity of liquid as compared to distilled water, it measures dissolved solids

normal specific gravity for a dog and cat

specific gravity or dilute, concentrated and distilled water

place one drop of urine on _____ and close lid and hold to the light

fill with urine and spin to read. read at the bottom of the meniscus. need large volume of urine

dip strips into the urine and read. least reliable. compare color change

herbivore urine pH

carnivore urine pH

normal dog urine pH

normal cat urine pH

horse and cow normal urine pH

pig normal urine pH

man normal urine pH

abnormal levels of protein in the urine, false positives found in alkaline urine

glucose in the urine, normal urine is negative, acetaminophen will cause false positives

three types of ketones, normals animals have small amounts

tests for blood in the urine detect these

presence of intact red blood cells in the urine, sign of disease in the urogenital tract

the presence of free hemoglobin in the urine (the separation of hemoglobin from the RBC)

the presence of myoglobin in the urine, caused by muscle damage

bilirubin in the urine, normal in dogs, can be detected with the Ictotest, false negative from exposure to sunlight

centrifuging the sample

casts and crystals are best visualized on the _____ slide

cells, organisms and sperm are best visualized on the _____ slide

normal value of RBC in urine

abnormal value of RBC in urine

excessive WBC's found in the urine (pus in the urine)

normal and abnormal WBC's found in the urine

three types of epithelial cells

transitional epithelial cells normal range, increased numbers suggest cystitis or pyelonephritis

renal epithelial cells normal range, increased numbers indicate kidney disease

formed in the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney, abnormals levels indicate a lesion on the renal tubules

highly refractile casts, indicates renal irritation, fever, exercise

most common type of cast, in large numbers can indicate acute nephritis and severe kidney damage

comprised of epithelial cells, can indicate acute nephritis and degeneration of the renal tubules

casts combining WBC's, indicates inflammation in the renal tubules

appear deep yellow or orange, indicates bleeding from the kidney

resemble hyaline casts but wider and with square ends, indicates chronic and severe degeneration of the renal tubules

casts containing small droplets of fat that look like refractile bodies, indicates chronic and severe degeneration of the renal tubules

bacteria will appear moving because of this type of movement, reported as few, moderate or many

two shapes of bacteria

often confused with RBC's, yeast are usually contaminants, rare

presence of crystals in the urine, reported as occasional, moderate or many

found in alkaline urine, 3-6 sides, colorless prisms

found in alkaline urine and are granular and found in acidic urine

small colorless envelope, usually with an X in the center, found in acid urine, seen in ethylene glycol toxicity (6-18 hours past ingestion)

calcium oxylate shapes

small, round, sectioned centered (grapefruit), found in acidic urine

speculated and spindled, found in acidic urine

hexagon shaped (6 sides), may indicate renal tubular dysfunction, found in acidic urine

seen in urine sediment of animals with urinary parasites or because of fecal contamination at time of collection

types of parasite ova

bladder worm of dogs and cats

kidney worm of dogs

kidney worm of pigs