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Major Functions of the Respiratory System--
What are the functions of the Respiratory System?
- to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
- respiration
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Major Functions of the Respiratory System--
What are the four distinct process of the Respiratory System?
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- transport
- internal respiration
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Major Functions of the Respiratory System--
What is pulmonary ventilaiton?
moving air into and out of the lungs
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Major Functions of the Respiratory System--
What is external respiration?
gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
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Major Functions of the Respiratory System--
What is transport?
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
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Major Functions of the Respiratory System--
What is internal respiration?
gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
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Upper Respiratory System Structures--
The upper respiratory systems include:
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Structure of the Nose--
Air passes through:
- external nares (nostrils)
- nasal cavity (divided by nasal septum)
- nasal conchae: inferior, superior and middle
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Structure of the Nose--
Air is warmed, moistened and filtered by the:
conchae and nasal mucosa
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Structure of the Nose--
Sensitive mucosa triggers sneezing when stimulated by:
irritating particles
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Nasal Cavity--
Nasal cavity lies in and posterior to the:
external nose
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Nasal Cavity--
Nasal cavity is divided by a:
midline nasal septum
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Nasal Cavity--
Nasal cavity opens posteriorly into the nasal pharynx via:
internal nares
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Nasal Cavity--
The roof is formed by the:
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
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Nasal Cavity--
The floor is formed by the:
hard and soft palates
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Cleft Palate--
What is a Cleft Palate?
Genetic defect, failure of the palatine bones and/or the palatine processes of the maxillary bones to fuse medially
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Cleft Palate--
Cleft Palate causes:
difficulty in breathing and oral functions such as sucking, mastication and speech
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Pharynx--
The Pharynx is commonly called the:
throat
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Pharynx--
Shape of the Pharynx:
Funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle
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Pharynx--
The Pharynx connects to the:
- nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
- larynx and esophagus inferiorly
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Pharynx--
The Pharynx extends from the base of the skull to the level of the:
sixth cervical vertebra
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Pharynx--
The Pharynx is divided into 3 regions:
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
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Nasopharynx--
The Nasopharynx lies:
- posterior to the nasal cavity
- inferior to the sphenoid
- and superior to the level of the soft palate
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Nasopharynx--
The Nasopharynx is strictly:
an air passageway
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Nasopharynx--
The Nasopharynx closes during swallowing to prevent:
food from entering the nasal cavity
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Nasopharynx--
The pharyngeal tonsil lies:
high on the posterior wall
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Nasopharynx--
The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes open into the:
- lateral walls
- equalize middle ear
- and atmostpheric pressures
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Nasopharynx--
Nasal infection may invade the middle ear cavity and cause:
otitis media
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Oropharynx--
The Oropharynx extends inferiorly from the level of the:
soft palate to the epiglottis
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Oropharynx--
Palatine tonsils lie in the:
lateral walls of the fauces
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Oropharynx--
Lingual tonsil covers the:
base of the tongue
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Oropharynx--
The Oropharynx serves as a common passageway for:
food and air
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Laryngopharynx--
Laryngopharynx serves as a common passageway for:
food and air
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Laryngopharynx--
The Laryngopharynx lies posterior to the:
upright epiglottis
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Laryngopharynx--
The Laryngopharynx extends to the larynx, where the:
respiratory and digestive pathways diverge
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Larynx--
The Larynx is also known as the:
voice box
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Larynx--
The Larynx is continuous with the:
trachea posteriorly
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Larynx--
Cartilages (hyaline) of the Larynx:
- shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage with a midline laryngeal prominence (Adam's Apple)
- ring-shaped anteroinferior cricoid cartilage
- three pairs of small arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
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Larynx--
Within the Larynx, the epiglottis is an:
elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
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Lower Respiratory System Structures--
The trachea or windpipe is part of the:
lower respiratory system
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Lower Respiratory System Structures--
The trachea or windpipe is a flexible and mobile tube extending from the larynx into the:
mediastinum
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Lower Respiratory System Structures--
The trachea or windpipe is composed of three layers:
- mucosa - made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium
- submucosa - connective tissue deep to the mucosa
- adventitia - outermost layer made up C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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Main (Primary) Bronchi--
Structure of main (primary) bronchi:
- carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi
- plunge into their respective lungs at an indented area called the hilus
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Main (Primary) Bronchi--
Right main primary bronchi is:
wider, shorter and more vertical than the left; foreign objects more likely to become lodged in it
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Main (Primary) Bronchi--
Within the main (primary) bronchi, the bronchi subdivide into:
secondary (also tertiary...) bronchi, each supplying a lobe of lungs
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Bronchioles--
Bronchi become:
bronchioles
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Bronchioles--
Bronchioles have terminal branches called:
respiratory bronchioles
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Bronchioles--
Continuous branching of the respiratory passageways in the lungs is often referred to as the:
respiratory tree
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Respiratory Zone--
Respiratory zone is defined by:
- the presence of alveoli
- begins are terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles
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Respiratory Zone--
Respiratory bronchioles lead to:
- alveolar ducts
- then to terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of alveoli
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Respiratory Zone--
Within the respiratory zone, there is approximately:
300 million alveoli
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Respiratory Zone--
The functions of the approximate 300 million alveoli in the respiratory zone:
- account for most of the lungs' volume
- provide tremendous area for gas exchange
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Respiratory Membrane--
The Respiratory Membrane is an air-blood barrier composed of:
- alveolar and capillary walls
- their fused basal laminas
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Respiratory Membrane--
Structure/function of the Respiratory Membrane's Alveolar Walls:
- are a single layer of type I epithelial cells
- permit gas exhange by simple diffusion
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Respiratory Membrane--
The Respiratory Membrane's type II cells secrete:
surfactant
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs--
Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the:
mediastinum
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs--
Thoracic cavity's root:
site of vascular and bronchial attachments
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs--
Thoracic cavity's costal surface:
anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs--
Thoracic cavity's apex:
narrow superior tip
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs--
Thoracic cavity's base:
inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs--
Thoracic cavity's hilus:
indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels
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Lungs--
Lungs: Cardiac notch (impression):
cavity that accomodates the heart
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Lungs--
Left Lung is separated into upper and lower lobes by the:
oblique fissure
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Lungs--
Right Lung is separated into three lobes by the:
oblique and horizontal fissures
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Lungs--
In each lung, there are:
10 bronchopulmonary segments
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Pleura--
Pleura is a:
thin, double-layered serosa
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Pleura--
Two types of pleura:
- parietal pleura
- visceral, or pulmonary, pleura
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Pleura--
Function/structure of parietal pleura:
- covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm
- continues around heart and between lungs
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Pleura--
Function/structure of visceral/pulmonary pleura:
- covers the external lung surface
- divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers: the central mediastinum and two lateral compartments, each containing a lung
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Breathing--
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases:
- inspiration: air flow into the lungs
- expiration: gases exit the lungs
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Pressure Relationships--
Pressure Relationship: two forces act to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall, promoting lung collapse:
- elasticity of lungs causes them to assume smallest possible size
- surface tenstion of alveolar fluid draws alveoli to their smallest possible size
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Pressure relationships--
Opposing force:
elasticity of the chest wall pulls the thorax outward to enlarge the lungs
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Inspiration--
Step 1: The diaphram and intercostal mucles (inspiratory muscles):
contract and the rib cage rises
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Inspiration--
Step 2: The lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume:
increases
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Inspiration--
Step 3: Intrapulmonary pressure drops below:
atmospheric pressure (-1 mmHg)
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Inspiration--
Step 4: Air flows into the lungs, down its pressure gradiant, until:
intrapleural pressure = atmospheric pressure
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Exspiration--
Step 1: Inspiratory muscles relax and the rib cage descends due to:
gravity
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Expiration--
Step 2: Thoracic volume:
decreases
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Expiration--
Step 3: Elastic lungs recoil passively and intrapulmonary volume:
decreases
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Expiration--
Step 4: Intrapulmonary pressure rises above:
atmospheric pressure (+1 mmHg)
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Expiration--
Step 5: Gases flow out of the lungs down the pressure gradiant until:
intrapulmonary is 0
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Factors that diminish lung compliance--
scar tissue or fibrosis that reduces the:
natural resilience of the lungs
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Factors that diminish lung compliance--
blockage of the smaller respiratory passages with:
mucus or fluid
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Factors that diminish lung compliance--
reduced production of:
surfactant
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Factors that diminish lung compliance--
decreased flexibility of the thoracic cage or its decreased:
ability to expand
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Respiratory volumes--
Tidal volume (TV):
- air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath
- approximately 500 mL
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Respiratory volumes--
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
- air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
- 3100 mL
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Respiratory volumes--
expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
- air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration
- 1200 mL
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Respiratory volumes--
residual volume (RV):
- air left in lungs after strenuous expiration
- 1200 mL
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Respiratory capacities--
Inspiratory capacity (IC):
- total amount of air that can beinspired after a tidal expiration
- IRV + TV
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Respiratory capacities--
Functional residual
capacity (FRC):
- amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration
- RV + ERV
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Respiratory capactiies--
Vital capacity (VC):
- the total amount of exchangeable air
- TV + IRV + ERV
- 4800 mL
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Respiratory capacities--
Total lung capacity (TLC):
- sum of all lung volumes
- approximately 6000 mL in males
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Dead space--
Anatomical dead space:
- volume of the conducting respiratory passages
- 150 mL
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Dead space--
Alveolar dead space:
alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
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Dead space--
Total dead space:
sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces
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Pulmonary function tests--
Spirometer:
an instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function
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Pulmonary function tests--
Spirometry can distinguish between:
- Obstructive pulmonary disease: increased airway resistance
- Restrictive disorders: reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes
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Pulmonary function tests--
Total ventilation:
total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute
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Pulmonary function tests--
Forced vital capacity (FVC):
gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath
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Pulmonary function tests--
Forced expiratory volume (FEV):
the amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC
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Pulmonary function tests--
Increases in TLC, FRC, and RV may occur as a result of:
obstructive disease
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Pulmonary functions tests--
Reduction in VC, TLC, FRC, and RV result from:
restrictive disease
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