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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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Fluid that AIDS survives in best.
- 1. Blood (WBC)
- 2. Semen
- 3. Vaginal Secretions
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HIV (Retrovirus)
- 1. Contains RNA vs DNA
- 2. RNA changes DNA to RNA (no changing back)
- 3. Once RNA outnumbers T-cells, body can no longer protect itself
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Immunosuppressed
- 1. No longer able to protect self with T-cells
- 2. Can get an "opportunistic infection"
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Ways to get HIV (4)
- 1. Unprotected sex
- 2. Sharring needles
- 3. Mother to fetus / infant
- 4. Blood products
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Early Signs of HIV
- Headache
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Enlarged Lymph Nodes
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Signs and Symtoms (HIV)
- weight loss
- yeast infection
- memory loss
- rashes
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Difficulty Swallowing (infection)
- Lymph nodes reacting to internal infection.
- If lasts too long, have checked out.
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Opportunistic Infection
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (fungal in lungs)
- Kaposi's Sarcoma
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HIV Tests
- 1. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
- - most common / least expensive
- - can give false positive
- 2. Western Blot
- - used to confirm HIV diagnosis
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AIDS Test
1. Requires positive HIV test and one of the following:
- - CD4+ count less than 200
- - Opportunistic infection
- - AIDS related cancer, severe wasting, dementia
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Allergies
Secomdary response to normally harmless substance
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Histamines (allergies)
Cause mucose membranes to secrete and capillaries to become permiable
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Cancer
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth or abnormal cells
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Neoplasm (cancer)
New growth forming tumor
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Metastasis (cancer)
Cells break away from tumor and spread
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Benign (cancer)
Slow growing, doesn't invade other tissue
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Malignant
Fast growing, invades surrounding tissues
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Cancer Classifications (3)
- 1. Carcinomas - from epithelial tissue
- 2. Sarcomas - from connective tisues
- 3. Lymphomas - from blood and blood forming organs
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Cancer Staging (3)
- 1. T - size and extent of spread of primary tumor
- 2. N - presence of regional lymph node metastasis (local or moving)
- 3. M - presence or absence of distant metastasis (where local or distant)
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List 6 Characteristics of Cancer
- 1. Altered cell structure
- 2. Lack normal growth controlling mechanics
- 3. Will grow and invade other tissues
- 4. Lack contact inhabitions - keep growing
- 5. Do not respond to growth factors
- 6. Are invasive, causing distruction of normal tissue
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List 4 Catagories of Cancer
- 1. Chemical
- 2. Viral
- 3. Physical
- 4. Familial
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Seven warning signals of Cancer
CAUTION
- 1. Change in bowel / bladder habits
- 2. A sore not healing
- 3. Unusual bleeding / discharge
- 4. Thickening / lump anywhere
- 5. Indigestion / difficulty swallowing
- 6. Obvious change in wart / mole
- 7. Nagging cough / hoarseness
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Diagnostic Tests (Cancer)
- 1. Biopsy
- 2. Tumor Markers
- 3. Genetic Testing
- 4. Tumor Imaging
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Biopsy (cancer)
Removal of sample, microscopic exam
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Tumor Markers (cancer)
- Blood test to detect proteins
- CA125 - Ovarian Cancer (W)
- PSA - Prostate Cancer (M)
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Genetic Testing (cancer)
Blood test sampling to detect genes of cancer from family history on both sides
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Tumor Imaging (cancer)
- Radiological / imaging test to detect
- Pep Scan - Thermal image for hot spots that mean cancer, quite accurate
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Cancer Therapy Goals
- 1. Cure
- 2. Control
- 3. Palliation - control symptoms (no cure)
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Brachytherapy
Radioactive material placed at tumor
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Cancer Treatment
- 1. Radiation
- 2. Chemotherapy
- 3. Surgery
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Cancer Treatment (Radiation)
Use of radiation to damage DNA of the cancer cell
Brachytherapy use of local radiation therapy
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Cancer Treatment (Chemotherapy)
Use of trong chemicals / medications to change cell division of cancer cells
Systemic treatment, kills all fast dividing cells (including hair, skin, nails)
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Cancer Treatment (Surgery)
Surgical removal of malignant tissue
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Cancer Vaccine
Effects depend on response of healthy immune system
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Group of symptoms thought to be caused by Epstien-Barr Virus
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Lupus Erythematosus
- Cronic disease causing inflammation of body parts
- Body attacks itself
- Treat by rest when needed, limit activity and sun exposure
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Signs of Lupus
- Extremeties are always purple at the tips during cold weather
- Butterfly rash on face
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Ulnar deviation (toward ulnar side / pinky)
- Swan neck of fingers
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Lymphedema
- Swelling in tissues caused by acumulation of lymphatic fluid
- Treated with elevation, gentle pressure massage, and or wrapping with bandages
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Diseases to Know
- 1. Anthrax - Bacillus Anthracis
- 2. Botulism - Clostridium Botulinum
- 3. Yetanus - Clostridium Tetani
- 4. Pneumonia - Streptococcus Pneumoniae
- 5. Whooping Cough - Bordetella Pertussis
- 6. Urinary Infection - Escherichia coli
- 7. Gonorrhea - Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- 8. Food Poisoning - Salmonella
- 9. Typhoid Fever - Salmonella Typhi
- 10. Syphilis - Treponema Pallidum
- 11. Plague - Yersinia Pestis
- 12. Chickenpox - Vericella Zoster
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Syphilis Test
- 1. Blood test cheap and easy
- 2. Not accurate in first 4-6 weeks of infection
- 3. 25% will be false negative
4. Completely accurate in second phase
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Prevent Hep A
- Avoid direct contact
- Avoid fecal contaminated food / water
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