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Energy
the ability to do work
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Kinetic Energy
- energy of motion
- ex. thermal energy - random movement of molecules
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Potential Energy
- stored energy
- ex. chemical energy - energy due to the arrangement of atoms in molecules
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calorie
- amount of energy required to raise 1 g. water 1 C
- 1 kilocalorie (Calorie) - 1000 calories
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- powers nearly all forms of cellular work
- structure of ATP - 3 parts
- 1. adenine
- 2. ribose
- 3. 3 phosphates
- ATP -------------- ADP + P + energy released
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Main Types of Cellular Work
- chemical
- mechanical
- transport
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Cellular Respiration
- the process by which food is broken down by the bodies cells to produce energy in the form of ATP
- it is carried out by every cell in both plants and animals and is essential for daily living
- it is an exergonic reaction which means it releases energy
- also a catabolic process - breaks down polymers into smaller, more manageable pieces
- goal is to take carbohydrates and dissemble them into glucose molecules which is then produces ATP
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Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ------- 6Co2 + 6 H2O + ATP
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Gylcolysis
- sugar breaking
- glucose molecules from carbohydrates into molecules of pyruvates
- is a 6 carbon sugar, spilt into two molecules of 2 carbon sugars
- in process 2 ATP molecules and two NADH are produced
- occurs in cytoplasm
- does not need oxygen
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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- begins after pyruvates are converted to acetyl CoA
- several high energy compounds are produced - NADH and FADH2
- also two ATP molecules are formed
- occurs only when oxygen is present
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The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
- series of electron carriers in inner membrane of mitochondria
- high energy electrons are passed from one carrier to another
- oxygen is final acceptor
- released energy pumps H+ into inner membrane
- creates concentration gradient through which ATP can be made - known as chemiosmosis
- makes 34 ATP
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Fermentation
- cellular process of making ATP without oxygen
- occurs in cytoplasm
- produces 2 ATP
- NAD + is regenerated
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Latic Acid Fermentation
- produces 2 ATP and 2 latic acid
- occurs in muscles; latic acid causes muscle pain
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Alcoholic Fermentation
- produces 2 ATP, 2 Co2, and 2 ethyl alcohol
- occurs in microbial organisms such as yeast
- makes bread rise
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Obtaining Food
- all organisms need food for energy and building materials
- biologists classify organisms according to how they obtain food
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Autotrophs
- organism that uses light energy to make their own food
- self feeder
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Photosynthesis
process that uses the suns energy to convert water and Co2 into sugars
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Producers
- produce organic molecules that serve as food
- types of producers
- 1. terrestrial ecosystems - land plants ex. trees
- 2. aquatic ecosystems - aquatic plants, algae, photosythentic bacteria ex. oceans, lakes, streams
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Heterotrophs
- can't make own food
- other eaters
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Consumers
must obtain by eating producers or other consumers
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Types of Consumers
- Herbivores - eats plants
- Omnivores - eats both plants and animals
- Carnivores - eats meat
- Scavengers- eats dead things
- Decomposers - breaks down dead things
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Food Chain
shows the flow of energy
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Food Web
diagram that shows the relationship in feeding patterns
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