530 chapter 8

state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body

breathing - air into lungs

breathing - air out of lungs

normal respiration (in adult usually 15-20 breaths per minute)

muscular wall that separates the abdomen from the thoracic cavity

chest cavity

pertaining to the diaphragm

membrane that surrounds each lung; also surrounds the walls of the chest cavity

the space between the pleura that covers the lungs and the pleura that lines the thoracic cavity

alveol/p

bronch/o, bronchi/o

epiglott/p

laryng/o

lob/o

nas/o, rhin/o

phren/o

pleur/o

pharyng/o

pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulm/o, pulmon/o

trache/o

labored or difficult breathing

means temporary absence of breathing

condition in which breathing is uncomfortable in any position except sitting erect or standing

abnormally slow breathing

accelerated respiration; exceeds 25 breaths per minute

increased respiratory rate or breathing that is deeper than normal; a certain degree of this is normal after exercise but it can also result from pain, respiratory or heart disease, or several other conditions

hyperpnea may lead to this; increased aeration of the lungs which commonly reduces carbon dioxide levels in the body and can disrupt homeostasis (so also DEEP breathing)

measurement of the amount of air taken into and expelled from the lungs

the largest volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration

inability of the lungs to perform their ventilatory function

acute respiratory failure can lead to _____ (less than normal oxygen) or _____ (absence of oxygen); both mean a deficiency of oxygen, which can be caused by respiratory disorders but can occur under other conditions as well

a disorder characterized by respiratory insufficiency or hypoxemia

paroxysemal dyspnea accompanied by wheazing; caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucus membranes

a whistling sound made during respiration

means occuring in sudden, periodic attacks or recurrence of symptoms

incomplete expansion of a lung or a portion of it; airlessness or collapse of a lung that had once been expanded

chronic dilation of a bronchus or the bronchi accompanied by a secondary infection that usually involves the lower part of the lung

radiography of the bronchi after a radiopaque substance has been injected into them

record of the bronchi and lungs produced by bronchography

lung cancer, he leading cause of cancer-related death; research has consistently confirmed that smoking plays a predominant role in the development of lung cancer

a disease process that decreases the ability of the lungs to perform their ventilatory function; this process can result from chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic asthma, or cronic bronchiolitis

a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by an increase in the size of alveoli and by destructive changes in their walls, resulting in difficulty in breathing

blood in the pleural cavity

an acute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset, chills, headache, fever, and muscular discomfort; it is caused by several different types of viruses

inflammation of the larynx

-inflammation of the pleura
-it can be caused by infection, injury or a tumor
-or it can be a complication of certain lung disease
-characterized by a sharp pain on inspiration

-a respiratory condition caused by inhilation of dust particles
-frequently seen in people involved in occupations such as mining and stonecutting

the accumulation of fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, often caused by congestive heart failure

the blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter such as fat, air, tumor tissue, or a blood clot

an infectious respiratory disease spread by close contact with an infected person and caused by a coronavirus; is reported to have a fatality rate or approximately 3%

a form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of the dust of stone, sand or flint that contains silica (quartz is a similar form of silica in its pure state, but silica is present in mant materials, particularly glass)

the sudeen, unexpected death of an apparently normal and healthy infant that occurs during sleep and with no physical or autopsic evidence of disease

an infectious disease caused by bacterium Mycobaterium tuberculosis; it is often chronic in nature and commonly affects the lungs, although it can occur elsewhere in the body

SUFFOCATION; requires immediate corrective measures to prevent loss of consciousness, and, if not corrected, death

necessary in upper airway obstruction

an incision of the trachea through the skin and muscles of the neck overlaying the trachea; usually performed for insertion of a tube to releave tracheal obstruction

machine that's used for prolonged artificial ventilation in the lungs

the insertion of an airway tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea and may be used to keep an airway open, prevent aspiration of material from the digestive tract in an unconscious or paralyzed patient, permit suctioning of secretions, or provide ventilation that cannot be accomplished with a mask

refer to insertion of a tube into the trachea through the nose or mouth, respectively

a more efficient long term method of delivering oxygen and is an alternative to the nasal canulla

a devide that delivers oxygen by way of two small tubes that are inserted into the nostrils, is frequently used for long term oxygen maintainance

eliminate or reduce swelling or congestion

prevent or relieve coughing

used to treat colds or allergies

agents that cause dilation of the bronchi and are used in respiratory conditions where the air passages are constricted, such as asthma

destroy or dissolve mucus and are also helpful in opening the breathing passages

removal of small pieces of lung tissue for the purpose of diagnosil

tissue is obtained by puncturing the suspected lesion through the skin

surgical removal of all or part of a lung

removal of a lobe of a lung

plastic surgery of the nose; usually performed for cosmetic reasons, but it might also be necessary to provide a free passageway for respiration

surgical puncture of the chest cavity to remove fluid

atel/o

coni/o

embol/o

home/o

-ole

ox/o

-pnea

silic/o

spir/o