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What are the four structural issues confronting contemporary American families?
- divorce
- remarriage
- maternal employment
- economic stress and povery
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What are some of the distinguising features of African American families?
- family roles are more flexible
- less gender specific
- low wages
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What are some of the distinguising features of Latino families?
- more traditional
- father = head of house
- differentiated gender roles
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What are some of the distinguising features of Native American families?
- compartmentalized
- high dropout rates
- poverty
- disease
- illiteracy
- alcoholism
- high mortality rates
- lowest life expectancy
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What are some of the distinguising features of European American families?
- individually focused
- low dropout rates
- low poverty
- do not depend on family as much
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What are two dimensions of parenting?
responsiveness and demandingness
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What are four styles of parenting?
- authoritarian
- authoritative
- permissive
- neglectful
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What contributions do adolescents bring to the parent-adolescent relationship?
new thoughts and experiences
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What is important to know about parents and middle age as it affects adolescents?
- adolescents are striving for independence while parents are worried about losing them and getting older
- adolescents are in their prime while parents are declining
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What are some key aspects of Family Systems Theory?
- homeostasis
- wholeness
- interdependence- emotional mobile
- rules- explicit (very clear) and implicit (unspoken)
- roles
- communication styles- verybal, nonverbal, and contextual
- boundaries- open (more flexible) and closed (rigid)
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How does divorce affect adolescent development?
- how bad the marital conflict is
- change in parenting
- economic stress
- gender (boys struggle more than girls)
- age (older kids handle it better than younger)
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Sleeper effects
- problems arise later
- result of less monitoring
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How does remarriage affect adolescent development?
- kids may act out
- step-parent's involvement in parenting (the less the better)
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How does maternal employment affect adolescent development?
- middle and upper class kids struggle more
- boys struggle more
- better when mother wants to work
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How do economic stress and poverty affect adolescent development?
- struggle more at school
- more irritable
- more deliquent
- girls more likely to think about marriage early
- boys don't respect dad
- violence
- depression
- stress
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Promotive parenting strategy
attempt to strengthen child's competence through more activities inside and outside the home
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Restrictive parenting strategy
attempt to minimize exposure to dangerous neighborhood
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What are shared evironmental influences?
nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other
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What are nonshared environmental influences?
the nongenetic influences in individuals's lives that make them different from people they live with
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What is the effect of poverty or financial hardship on parenting styles?
more likely to be authoritarian
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Friendships
- close, small, personal relationships
- share feelings
- less demanding with respect to conformity
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Peers
- school/classmates
- same age
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What purpose do friendships serve during adolescence?
- support
- feedback
- gossip
- personal disclosure
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What are the friendship pattern differences between boys and girls?
- girls- conversation/discussion
- boys- shared activities
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What are the four functions of peer groups?
- social interaction skills
- clarify moral standards and values
- emotional support
- informative/advisary function
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What changes in society have caused the peer group to become more important in America?
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Cliques
- same age, sex, and race
- up to 12 people
- take on powerful, exclusionary approach
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Crowds
- 3 or more cliques together
- boys and girls mixed
- shared activity/theme
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How does the function of peer groups change over the course of adolescence?
- early- trust and emotional sharing is important (especially with girls), intense, dating (how girls climb up social ladder)
- late- intensity decreases, intimacy increases, boys continue to maintain relationships through shared activities
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How do peers affect adolescent identity?
reference group (source of social insight)
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What demographic variables affect clique formation?
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Why is popularity important?
- popular- good in social situations, behaviorally appropriate, confident
- rejected- hard to be around (conceited, insensitive, crude), more likely to be boys
- neglected- shy, inhibited, forgotten
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How is physical appearance important?
- perceived attractiveness
- social attributions
- interaction
- personality interaction
- behavioral style
- behavioral manifestation
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Sex cleavage
the separation of boys and girls into different cliques, common during late childhood and early adolescence
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What are the effects of being unsupervised after school during adolescence?
increased chance of bullying, alcohol/drug use, and sex
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What are the relevant historical changes in the US related to schools today?
- industrialization
- urbanization
- immigration
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What are the three basic areas of research regarding schools as developmental contexts?
- schooling process
- social ecology
- social demography
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How would you characterize research related to the social ecology approach?
how different aspects of school affects students
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What is important to know about school size?
smaller schools tend to be better
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What are considered positive characteristics of a good teacher?
- spend time on a task
- set expectations
- flexible
- allow student participation
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What are the different ways in which traking affects students?
- extreme separation and segregation
- more attention to smarter students
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How do teachers affect differences in boys and girls in school?
- girls are expected to be good in reading and bad at math
- boys are expected to be good at math and science and bad at reading
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What is the difference between middle schools and jr. high schools?
middle schools are more like elementary schools with more adult support
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What is the difference betwee public and private schools for students?
private schools can choose the students they enroll
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What do we know about minority students today in school?
dropout rates have decreased
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What is cooperative learing and how is it a useful tool in the classroom?
- students work together with different abilities
- students with higher abilities help those with lower abilities
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What are the five characteristics of good schools?
- atmosphere of quality education
- committed teachers
- performance evaluations
- well integrated in community
- positive classroom atmosphere
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What are the four areas of research interest for researchers using the Life Course approach?
school transitions, peer network, dropout, family
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How does class size affect adolescents in school?
it generally doesn't
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
the idea that individuals' behavior is influenced by others' expectations for them
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Higher-order thinking
some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others
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What are the factors that positively affect school climates for adolescents?
- high student involvement
- strong bonds with teachers
- promoting cooperation instead of competition
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Social capital
the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family
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What impact do teacher expectations have on student performance?
- the higher the expectations the better they do
- the lower the expectations the worse they do
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