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Ureter gross anatomy
- long muscular tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
- they begin as a continuation of the renal pelvis at the level of L2
- retroperitoneal and secured to the posterior abdominal
- wall
- when they enter the pelvis the penetrate the posterior
- wall of the bladder at an oblique angle
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histology of the ureter
- three layers
- mucosa: transitional epithelium on a lamina propria
- muscularis: two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal, outer circular)
- adventitia: fibrous layer of connective tissue
- peristaltic contractions of the muscularis in response to stimulation of stretch receptors
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Urinary bladder gross anatomy:
- collapsible, muscular sac
- temporary storage for urine
- retroperitoneal
- in males it is located behind the pubic symphysis and in front of the rectum
- in females it lies under the uterus and in front of the vagina
- rugae
- can hold up to one liter of urine
- trigone: no rugae, apex
- neck of the bladder: internal urethral sphincter, smooth muscle and involuntary
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histology of ther urinary bladder
- three layers:
- mucosa: transitional epithelium on a lamina propria
- muscularis: very thick layer of smooth muscle
- adventitia: fibrous connective tissue except on the top of the bladder where it is covered with peritoneum
- muscularis is called the detrusor muscle:
- composed of three layers of smooth muscle: inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal
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Urethra gross anatomy:
- thin walled muscular tube
- in females it is about 3-4 cm long and is bound to the anterior vaginal wall
- external opening is called the external urethral meatus
- in males the urethra is about 20 cm long
- prostatic urethra: 2.5 cm long and passes through the prostate gland
- membranous urethra: 2 cm long, extends from the prostate to the beginning of the penis, passes through the muscular pelvic floor called the urogenital diaphragm
- penile urethra: about 15 cm long, extends from the urogenital diaphragm and passes through the penis to open to the exterior at the external urethral meatus
external urethral sphincter
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histology of the urethra
- in males the histology varies along the length of the urethra:
- prostatic urethra: transitional epithelium
- membranous urethra: stratified columnar with patches of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- penile urethra: stratified columnar with patches of pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamou
- in females the epithelium is transitional near the bladder to stratified squamous
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Micturition:
- reflex arc
- afferent sensory impulses to the spinal cord
- efferent parasympathetic impulses to the bladder
- afferent impulses to the brain
- incontinence
- urinary retention
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