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Define the term 'skill':
An action or particular movement to achieve a desired outcome.
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What is 'Skill Acquisition'?
is the study of how a person develops and acquires a skill.
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What are the 3 elements of skill?
- 1. The objective of the movement is achieved consistently.
- 2. The sequence of the movement is efficient and co-ordinated.
- 3. Skill is a result of learning through practice.
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What is a motor skill?
An act or task in which requires voluntary body movement to be properly performed.
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Define 'organisation of motor skills'
Is the given name of a set of subroutines that make up a motor skill
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What is an open skill?
peformed in an unpredictable ever changing environment and are externally paced.
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What is a closed skill?
performed in a predictable environment and is self-paced.
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Define a gross motor skill:
a movement that requires use of most of the body and large muscle groups
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Define a fine motor skill:
a delicate and precise movement using smaller muscle groups
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Define a combined movement
both gross and fine movements combined in one. Example: netball shot.
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Name the three types of movement:
- 1. Discrete
- 2. Continuous
- 3. Serial
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Define a discrete movement:
single movement with a discrete start and finish. Example: Golf swing, f/ball kick.
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Define a continuous movement:
the performer determines start and finish. Example: swim, run, cycle
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Define a serial movement:
several discrete skills performed in sequence. Example: Javelin, long jump.
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Define the 6 subroutines of a football kick:
- - stance
- - grip
- - posture
- - release ball
- - kick
- - follow-through
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Why is it easy to see if a performer is skilled or not when referring to the subroutines?
A skilled performer will be able to perform the skill smoothly and with co-ordination with minimal errors.
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Which of the following are discrete skills, football kick, golf swing, bike ride?
Football kick, golf swing.
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What is the idea or point of placing skills on an open/closed continuum?
to get an idea of which skills have variables based on uncontrollable events.
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Name a serial skill in football:
- Running & bouncing.
- Running and marking.
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name a discrete skill in football:
Football punt, h/ball, mark etc.
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Name a continuous skill movement in netball:
Running.
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What are the three stages of learning?
- 1. Cognitive
- 2. Associative
- 3. Autonomous
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Define the cognitive stage of learning:
The sport or skill is new to the learner, emphasis on understanding and steps to achieve a skilled performance.
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Define the associative stage of learning:
- Directed at organising and practising a set of subroutines, moving & learning patterns.
- Examples: learning to aim, experimenting height, distance etc.
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Define the Autonomous stage of learning:
Means the skill can be produced automatically without thinking about the subroutines.
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What is one's motor ability?
- 'Equipment' or attributes you are born with.
- Examples: Co-ordination, balance, agility, strength.
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What is the difference between motor ability and motor skills?
A motor ability you are born with, motor skill is something you learn.
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What are the fundamental motor skills?
catching, kicking, vertical jump, overarm throw, ball bounce, leap, dodge, punt kick, forehand strike, two-hand side arm strike.
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What are the three ways to classify a motor skill?
- 1. Muscular Effort - Fine/Gross?
- 2. Type of Movement - Discrete/Continuous/Serial?
- 3. Environment - Open/Closed?
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Define learning, in terms of learning a new motor skill:
Permanent changes in behaviour that is reflected in a change of performance.
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What are the three steps in learning and what do they associate/mean?
- 1. Cognitive - mental processes
- 2. Affective - changes in attitude
- 3. Effective - changes in physical actions
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Name four characteristics of a skilled performer:
- - is accurate
- - can vary speed
- - able to anticipate movement
- - doesn't need to think ahout movement
- - movement is efficient
- - movement is co-ordinated
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Name at least 4/8 factors that affect a leaner:
- 1. age
- 2. ability
- 3. gender
- 4. stage of learning
- 5. physiological characteristics
- 6. psychological characteristics
- 7. Experience
- 8. Sociological characteristics
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Name the three structures/types of practice:
- 1. Whole Practice
- 2. part Practice
- 3. Progressive part practice
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What is meant by 'whole practice'?
a whole skill is practised in full. Example kicking a football.
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What is meant by 'part practice'?
parts of a skill are practised individually. Example: practising just the jumping motion in a football mark specifically.
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What is meant by progressive part practice?
- related parts or subroutines of a skill are practised before being added to another related part.
- Example: Practising football grip, then leg swing then point of contact whilst putting them together.
- (Good for beginners)
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What is a motor program?
The goal and sequencing of a motor skill
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Classify the following as closed/open, gross/fine/combined, discrete/continuous/serial:
-B/ball set shot:
Closed, combined, discrete.
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Classify the following as closed/open, gross/fine/combined, discrete/continuous/serial:
Tennis Serve:
Closed, combined, serial.
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What structure/type of practice would you recommend for an archery shot?
Whole practice because there's not much to break down and easy to learn.
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What structure/type of practice would you recommend for a golf swing?
Part Practice - because can do all parts, can break it down.
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What structure/type of practice would you recommend for freestyle for a beginner?
Progressive part practice because you can practice different aspects and parts then add them together.
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What is the difference between random and blocked practice?
Random you alternate between 2 or more skills, blocked practice is one skill practised repeatedly.
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Why is blocked practice recommended for beginners?
because the learner only practises one skill continuously in a practice drill which is easier to do and learn.
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What is contexual interference?
the amount of mental effort a learner is required to use when practising a skill.
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What is random practice?
- learner alternates between two or more skills or skill variations in a practice drill.
- - Produces better long-term results than blocked.
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What is blocked practice?
- learner practices one skill continuously in a practice drill.
- - low degree of contexual interference
- - better for cognitive learners
- - establish a basic movement pattern without interference
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Define Massed pracice:
continuous practice without interruption or rest breaks
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What is distributed practice?
short practice periods with rest or alternate activity.
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What is variability and specifity?
Practice which is variable but is as specific to the task as possible.
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What is mental practice?
practising a skill in your mind.
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What does kinesthetic mean?
- means the way a movement feels to the body.
- (Generally during mental practice)
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What 5 factors should be considered when organising a practice session?
schedule, structure, length, intervals, timing of practice sessions.
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