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When light enters the eye, it passes through (in order):
a. lens, pupil, cornea
b. pupil, lens, cornea
c. cornea, pupil, lens
d. cornea, lens, pupil
c. cornea, pupil, lens
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The receptor cells for the sense of vision are located in the:
C. retina
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Light is transformed to nerve impulses by the:
C. rods and cones
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Accommodation plays an important role in:
D. visual acuity
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Which of the following is not characteristic of rods?
A. they contain erythrolabe
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Bringing an object under a lamp makes it easier to see the details because the light:
B. stimulates greater number of cones
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Which of the following is true regarding an off-center receptive field of the retina?
B. when a spot of light covers the surround of the receptive field, the cell's firing rate increases
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Receptive cells in the visual cortex that respond to a combination of stimulus features are known as:
C. hypercomplex cells
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Which of the following statements about the secondary visual pathway is correct?
D. it is made up of magnocellular cells
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The biased and ambiguous wife/mother-in-law figures are an example of:
D. context effect
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Our tendency to perceive elements that are close to one another as a unit is called:
D. proximity
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The condition under which people experience the perceptual phenomenon of closure involves:
B. a figure with missing gaps
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The perception of depth when you look at the picture of the railroad tracks is primarily due to:
C. linear perspective
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All of the following are monocular cues except:
C. retinal disparity
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The depth cue that relies on the fact that elements of a patterned surface are closer together with distance from the observer is called:
B. texture density gradient
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You are most likely to experience motion parallax when:
C. you are looking out of a window of a moving train
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Template matching theory:
C. suggests that images are processed in a holistic way
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Which theory uses a group of "demons" whose job is to extract information about the visual stimulus in a hierarchical manner?
B. feature analysis
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All of the following are characteristics of geons except:
D. they cannot be recognized when partially obscured
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Which of the following is a true similarity between the computational theory and the recognition by components theory?
C. both theories aim to explain perception in natural scenes
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Which theory mentions geons as fundamental units of object perception?
D. recognition by components
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Our ability to identify objects as long as there is enough information to recover the geons is called:
C. principle of componential recovery
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All of the following, at least in part, are bottom-up approaches to object perception except:
D. template matching
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According to computational theory, in which of the following representations are primitives identified?
A. the primal sketch
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In the computational theory, one of the differences between the 2.5D sketch and the 3D sketch is that:
A. the 3-D sketch consists of more primitives
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Which theory mentions edges and bars as primitives?
C. Marr's computational theory
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The Pandemonium model holds that:
C. our object perception is based on a series of hierarchical data-driven processes
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The theories of object perception that is focused primarily on explaining computer vision is:
B. computational theory
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What is ACCOMMODATION?
process by which the lens changes shape in order to produce sharp images on the retina.
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What is ASTIGMATISM?
an optical defect in which the surface of the cornea is not perfectly spherical
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What are BINOCULAR DEPTH CUES?
information about depth that requires both eyes to function simultaneously
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What are BOTTOM-UP THEORIES?
theories that emphasize stimulus-driven processes in explaining object perception
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What is CLOSURE?
tendency to fill in the missing gaps in visual information
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What are CONES?
receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision
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What is CONTRAST?
difference between the amount of light reflected by an object and the amount of light reflected by its surroundings
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What is CONVERGENCE?
an oculomotor depth cue that comes from muscles controlling eye movements
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What is the CORNEA?
the transparent surface in front of the eye through which light passes to the interior; first refractive surface of the eye
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What is CORTICAL MAGNIFICATION?
overrepresentation of the center of the visual field in the striate cortex
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What is DUPLEX THEORY OFVISION?
the human eye represents two intermingled visual systems: cone and rod vision
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What is the FOVEA?
a place on the retina of maximum visual acuity
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What are GEONS?
geometric icons that are the building blocks to object perception; 3-dimensional shapes like blocks, wedges, and cones
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What is GOOD CONTINUATION?
tendency to group elements of a pattern that flow in the same direction
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What is INTERPOSITION?
a monocular depth cue in which an object that partly blocks another appears closer than the blocked object
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What is the IRIS?
the pigmented muscular structure in the eye containing the pupil, which regulates the amount of light that falls on the retina
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What is the LENS?
the transparent structure in the eye that focuses light on the retina
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What is LINEAR PERSPECTIVE?
a monocular depth cue in which two parallel lines seem to come together at a distance
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What are MONOCULAR DEPTH CUES?
information about depth that is available to either eye alone
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What is MOTION PARALLAX?
the relative apparent motion of objects as the observer moves
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What is PERCEPTION?
organization and interpretation of sensory data
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What are PRIMITIVES?
fundamental units of objects perception
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What is the PRINCIPLE OF COMPONENTIAL RECOVERY?
a basic principle of Biederman's theory that says that we can identify objects as long as we have enough information to recover their geons
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What is the PUPIL?
an opening in the iris through which light enters the eye
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What is the RAW PRIMAL SKETCH?
representation of a natural scene that identifies primitives and edges
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What is the RECEPTIVE FIELD?
the area on the retina that influences a ganglion cell's firing rate
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What are RECEPTOR CELLS?
neural cells that are capable of responding to a physical stimulus and producing a neural impulse
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What is the RETINA?
the third innermost layer of the eye containing the receptors for the sense of vision
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What is RETINAL DISPARITY?
a binocular depth cue based on the difference in the retinal image when the same object is viewed by both eyes
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What are RODS?
receptor cells in the retina responsible for night vision
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What is SENSORY TRANSDUCTION?
process by which physical energy becomes transformed into neural energy
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What is SIMILARITY?
the tendency to group elements of a pattern that are similar to one another
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What is SYMMETRY?
the tendency to group elements of a pattern that are symmetrical to one another
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What is the TEXTURE DENSITY GRADIENT?
a monocular depth cue based on changes in size and clarity of surface patterns
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What are TOP-DOWN THEORIES?
theories that emphasize the role of high level conceptual processes (e.g. expectations, past experiences) in explaining object perception
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What is the 2.5 D SKETCH?
a representation developed in an intermediate stage of processing in which the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization are used to group primitives
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What is the 3 D SKETCH?
representation developed during the last stage of processing containing depth and motion information
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