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What are the three major components of acute inflammation in sequence
- Vasodilation
- Increased permeability of vessels to proteins and Leukocytes (including tight junctions)
- Emigrations of Leukocytes to injury
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What are the five classic signs of inflammation
- Dolor (Pain)
- Calor (Heat)
- Rubor (Redness)
- Turgor (swelling)
- Fuctio laesa (Loss of function)
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Why might not all of the five classic signs be manifest in deep tissue
Pain only happens where there is receptors
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What is an exudative component
The movement of plasma fluid containing important proteins such as fibrin and immunoglobulins to the inflamed tissue
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Where does the fluid from an inflammation go once it is cleared of the infection and swelling
Into the lymph nodes
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What is the difference between an exogenous mediator and an endogenous mediator
- Exogenous are from bacterial products and toxins
- Endogenous are from the immune system of the infected cells
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Define a cytokine
Small signaling proteins, peptides, or glycoprotein molecules that communicate with specific receptors of target cells,which then signal second messengers
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Cytokines help in the mediation with what important cellular functions
- Immunity
- Inflammation
- Hematopoiesis
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Cytokines can both trigger an inflammatory response as well as
Shut off or stop an inflammatory response
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What is the difference between a Cytokine and a hormone
- A cytokine acts on different cell populations and tissues (most of the time) while a hormone acts on just one organ
- Additionally, a single cell can produce many cytokines but not different hormones
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Cytokines usually act in what proximity
Local, however some act on distant cells
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In an adult, what are the few cell types that have the ability to be motile
- Fibroblasts
- WBC
- Macrophages
- Sperm
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Why is it important that fibroblasts can be motile
They need to migrate through connective tissue for remodeling, rebuilding sites of injury
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What are the most important elements used by motile cells
- Actin (movement)
- Integrins (attachment to substratum)
- Lamellipodium (thin plate foot)
- Myosin II
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What is the difference between stratum and substratum
Stratum is a horizontal layer of a material and substratum is the underlying layer
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What are some examples of attachment ligands for the integrins on motile cells
- Fibronectin
- Lamin
- Collagens
- ICAM
- Intermediate filaments
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Integrins are heterodimers made up of what subunits
Alpha and Beta each subtype attaches to a specific ligand (many possibilities and arrangements)
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As a cell migrates through focal contacts, it must regulate the activity of the integrins how
Intracelluar signal pathways via binding of ligands to their intigrins
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What makes a cell crawl in a specific direction
- Insoluble molecules in the substratum or cellular signals like chemotaxis
- These can move the cell either towards or away from the signal
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Chemotaxis can be mediators in what important actions
- Immune responses
- Inflammation
- Wound healing
- Embryogenesis
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What are some of the cells that can be attracted by chemokines
- Monocytes
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
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Leukocytes cross walls of veins and capillaries but not
Arteries
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How does a leukocyte cross the blood vessel wall
It sticks to the wall first by selectins, and then migrates in to the site of infection or damage through integrins
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What are CAMs and their job
Cell Adhesion Molecules, they are essentially selectins that assist in moving leukocytes into the tissue that has damage
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Selectins are classified as what kind of binding agent
They are cell surface carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins)
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Selectins are dependent on what for adhesion interactions
Calcium
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What are the three types of selectins
- L - Selectins (white blood cells)
- P - Selectins (Platelets and endothelial cells)
- E - Selectins (Endothelial cells)
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Diapedesis is
Passage of blood cells especially white blood cells through intact capillary walls into surrounding tissue
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L selectins recognize carbohydrates that are expressed exclusively in what portion of the lymph nodes
High endothelial venules
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Why do all of the lymphocytes have a draw to the lymph nodes
Because of the lymphocytes expression of L selectins that are strongly attracted to the carbohydrates on the lymph nodes
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Beyond cell crawling and sperms flagella, what is another mode of cell motility
Neuronal growth cone extension
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What is Neuronal growth cone extension
When the cell body doesn't move, but the axon extends to form synapses with other neurons or muscles
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What is the universal mechanism for cell motility (except sperm)
- Actin Polymerization at the leading end of the lamellipodium
- Integrins attachment
- Insoluble and soluble signals
- Movement
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What are corticosteroids
Any of the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or their synthetic equivalents such as cortisol or aldosterone
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What effect do corticosteroids have on inflammatory responses
They inhibit the production of numerous molecules that are critical to an inflammatory response
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As a result of corticosteroids in the blood stream, what would you see happen in inflammation
- Decreased capillary permeability and dilation
- Diminished secretion of lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes which increase inflammatory responses
- Decrease movement of leukocytes to injury
- Ultimately decreased damage to tissue by inflammation
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When is inflammation terminated
When the offending agent is eliminated
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Sepsis, arthritis, asthma, and influenza are examples of
Excessive inflammation causing damage to the cells
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What is sepsis
- The presence of various pus forming and other pathogenic organisms, or their toxins, in the blood or tissue
- Large, damaging inflammatory responses causing shock to the body
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What is a cytokine storm
A large over zealous immune response as a result of elevated levels of various cytokines.
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What can chronic inflammation cause
It leads to the progressive shift of the type of cells at the site of inflammation, and is characterized by the simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue
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Chronic inflammation is characterized by the dominant presence of
Macrophages in the injured tissue, the toxins they release are the most harmful
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What are considered the weak attachments for WBC rolling and the strong adhesion
- Weak, L-Selectins
- Strong, Integrin dependent
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