-
(book) Define Reliability
The precision of a measuring instrument, which depends on its consistency from one time of use to another and its accuracy
-
(book) Define Validity
- Accuracy of a test or measurement
- How closely it measures what it claims to measure
-
(book) List Characteristics of a Successful Screening Program
- Valid
- Reliable
- Capable of large group administration
- Innocuous (few SE, minimally invasive)
- High yield
-
(book) Define Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sensitivity: quantifies how accurately the test identifies those WITH the condition or trait
- Specificity: WITHOUT
-
Define Research
- A scientific method by which data is systematically collected to describe, explain, and/or predict events
- *specific to health
- ex. hurricane, tornados
-
Define Evidence-Based Practice
The conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence to guide health care decisions
-
Define Epidemiology
- The scientific method most commonly used in public health
- The foundation of EBP in public health and public health nursing
-
What is Epidemiology?
- Study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations
- The application of this knowledge to improve the health of populations
-
List the who, what, where, when, and why in Epidemiology
- Who-population (general pop, children)
- What- determinants (overnourished, undernourished)
- Where- distribution (rural, urban)
- When- frequency (throughout year, seasons)
- Why- causation
-
Define Descriptive Epidemiology
Describes: who, what, where, when
-
Define Analytic Epidemiology
Examines relationships btwn the who, what, where, when to determine why
-
List Descriptors for Who: Person
- Physical: age, gender, race
- Social: income, education
- Behavior: lifestyle
-
List Descriptors for Where: Place
- Geography: forming vs urban
- Space: overcrowding
- Regional economic factors
- Environment: exposure
-
List Descriptors for What: Health Effects
- Physical
- Psychological
- Social
-
List Descriptors for When: Time
- Frequency
- General patterns
-
Discuss Analytic Epidemiology: WHY
answered by investigating associations btwn factors r/t who, what, when, where
-
Discuss Epidemiological Models
- (Two most commonly used models explain associations among factors)
- Epidemiological triangle: host, agent, environment- more specific to acute dx
- Web of causation
-
Define Agent
Ability to cause injury or illness
-
Define Host
- Any animate object harbouring dx
- Level of susceptibility
- factor-age
-
Define Environment
- Any external conditions
- physical factors (eliminate, pop distribution)
- Social factors
-
Discuss Web of Causation Concept
- How factors lead to chronic dx
- Health d/o occur when an agent is present in a susceptible host under environmental conditions favorable to pathology
-
Define Ratio
- Describes the relationship btwn two quantities
- Used to compare two populations
-
Define Risk
Statistical probability that an event will occur
-
Define Odds
Statistical odds of having an event occur
-
Define Rate
- A measure of the frequency of a health event within a specific period of time
- numerator: # of occurances
- denominator: total # of population of interest
-
List commonly used rates
- Fertility rate
- Infant mortality rate
- Mortality
-
List sources of data
- Routinely collected data: vital statistics, birth, death, cancers, national center for health
- Data collected for other reasons: hospitals, length of stay
- Epidemiologic data: surveillance- communicable dx, pop screening
-
List Scientific Studies in Epidemiology
- Cross-sectional studies
- Case Control studies
- Cohort studies: prospective, retrospective
-
Discuss Case-control study
- Start in Present and look back to see why
- Disease? Exposed or not exposed
-
Discuss Cohort study: Retrospective
- Start in Past
- Exposed in past? Positive for dx now?
-
Discuss Cohort study: Prospective
- Start in Present: Risk for future
- Exposed currently? Dx in future?
-
Discuss Cross-sectional study
Collect data on everything at once (exposures and presence or absence of dx)
-
Discuss Population Screening
- Validity
- Sensitivity
- Specificity
- Reliability
|
|