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Modifiable Risk Factors
- High Cholesterol
- Hypertension
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Stress
- Lack of Exercise
- Control of Diabetes
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Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
- Advancing age
- Male Gender
- Post menopausal women
- Heredity
- Diabetes
-
Normal Cholesterol Levels
- LDL>100mg/dl
- HDL<35
- Triglycerides>100
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Classic Signs and Symptoms of Exercise Intolerance
- Chest pain/ discomfort
- Neck of arm pain, jaw
- Palpitations
- Dyspnea
- Syncope
- Fatigue
- Cough
- Cyanosis (blue from decreased 02)
- Edema
- Claudication
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General Diagnostic Test
- EKG - Heart Rhythm and Rate
- Ausculation - listening
- Echocardiography
- Exercise Stress Test
- Chest x-ray
- Nuclear Imaging
- Cardiac Catherterization
- Angiography
- Doppler Studies
- Blood Test
- Arterial Blood Gas Determination
-
Conservative Treatment Methods
- Dietarty modifications
- Cessation of smoking
- Stress Management
- Exercise
- Drug Therapy
-
Dietary Modifications
- Reduce total fat intake
- Reduce intake of sturated fats
- Reduced intake of "trans" fats
- General weight reduction
- Decrease salt intake to help lower blood pressure
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The effects of Exerise and heart disease
- Moderate physical activity for 30 mins on most days has been shown to:
- lower erum lipid levels
- increase high density lipids
- Lowers low density lipds
- Reduces stress
- Reduces Blood Pressure
- Assists with weight reduction
-
Vasodilators
- Nitroglycerin
- coronay artery vasodilators
- Dizziness and headache
-
Beta Blockers
- Block recepotros in the heart, prevents the SNS from increasing HR
- Metoprolol
- Dizziness and Fatigue
-
Digoxin
- Produces slower but stronger contraction
- Decreases HR and increased SV
- Nausea, Fatigue, Headache, Weakness
- Theraputic and overdose are close
-
Anti-hypertensive drugs
- Used to lower BP
- Watch vitals
-
Diuretics
- Water Pills
- Decrease H2O and Na+ from body
- Decreased volume and less work for the heart
- Nausea, Diarrhea, and dizziness
-
Anticoagulants
- "blood thinners"
- will decrease the risk of blood clots, risk of stroke or MI
- Low dose acetaminphen (asprin) taken on going can decrease platelet adhesion
- excessive bleeding
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Heart Disorders
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD, CHD)
- Cardiac Arrhythmia
- CHF
- Congenital Heart Defects
- Inflammation and infection of the heart
-
Signs of Exercise intolerance
- shallow fast breathing
- pale face
- flush face
- change in mental status
- chest discomfort (arm, calf)
- Cold sweat
-
Normal Vitals
- HR: 70-75
- Bradycardia: less than 60
- Tachycardia: 100-160
- BP: 120/80
- HTN: greater than 140/90
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