Biology Test 2

solution that
causes crenation (shrivel/shrink) of animal cells

water moves from inside the cell to outide the cell
solution with higher concentration
causes shrinking/shriveling

solution that
does not cause bursting in plant cells
it causes the central vacuole to increase in size and causes turgor pressure in the cell
(keeping plant upright)

solution that
causes animal cells to swell and burst

a solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cell
cell expands

in these conditions plants are said to be flacid

does not change the shape of plant cells

solution that
does not change shape of animal cells
this is the desired condition for animal cells

a solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell
Cells do not change shape

ability of a solution to change the shape of a cell

the diffusion of water through a semipermeable or selectively permeable membrane

help join animal cells together or provide some sort of bridge between animal cells

some mebrane proteins act as enzymes and carry out chemical reactions

bind specific extracellular molecules and cause some type of cellular reaction in response

usually glycoproteins
act as "name tags" for the cells
any "non self" or "foreign" cells will be destroyed by the immune system

proteins designed to bind a specific molecule and transport it across the membrane

hollow proteins that allow small molecules to pass freely through the membrane

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached

lipids with carbohydrate groups attached

carbohydrates are attached to proteins or lipids

strengthen and stiffen the membrane (add stability to the membrane)

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

creates a unique barrier in which any molecule wishing to pass through must pass through both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

made of glycerol with a phosphate group and two fatty acids attached to it

most widely accepted model for membrane structure

controls movement of materials into and out of the cell

forms a boundary between the cell and its environment

movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration with the help of carrier proteins and with the use of ATP

movement of materials from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell using membrane bound vesicle. Can be excretion or secretion

getting rid of waste

releasing a usable product such as mucus, hormones, or digestive enzymes

the movement of materials from the outside of the cell to the inside of the cell using a membrane bound vesicle

taking in large particles using pseudopods (cellular extensions of the membrane)
"cell eating"

taking in small or dissolved particles by forming a "pit" and taking in whatever particles gets pulled into the pit
"cell drinking"

a form of pinocytosis that is different where receptors in the plasma membrane bind the desired molecules and then a pit forms and brings them inside the cell

consist of plaques on the inside of each cell with filaments joining the cells attached to the plaques

consist of protiens that rivet to cells together in a zipper-like fashion.

are junctions made of a group of proteins formed into circle with a small passageway in the middle

this type of junction is very strong but flexible

this junction can be found between the cells of your skin, in the heart, bladder and other organs

this junction creates a sturdy, flexible sheet of cells

this type of junction is tight

these junctions do not let materials pass between the cells

these junctions are found between the cells in the digestive tract

these junctions keep the digestive enzymes away from the inner cells of the digestive tract

these junctions join cells together but also allow small molecules to pass between cells

these junctions can be found in heart muscle where they allow the elctrical impulse to travel form one cell to another and allow the hear to contract as a unit

all plant cells have a this type of cell wall that is made of cellulose and pectins that allow the primary wall to be flexible

some plant cells also have this type of cell wall which contains a greater concentration of cellulose

this cell wall is more rigid and is not as flexible

this cell wall is seen in pants in the "woody" parts such as trunks and branches

cell walls are not entirely complete and are punctuated by numerous plasmodesmata

membrane lined channels that pass through the cell wall and connect plant cells together

allows the passage of water and small solutes between plant cells
allowing some equalization of water pressure in the plant

when placed in water the _________ orient themselves with the water in a bilayer with the polar heads facing the outer suface and facing the inner surface of the bilayer

the ____ are located inside the bilayer forming their own nonpolar environment away from the water

helps maintain the fluidity of the membrane

what type of sterol do animals have

what type of sterol do fungi have

what type of sterol do plants have

what are similar to phospholipids with the exception that their phosphate group is replaced with a carbohydrate group

what forms glcocalyx

what functions in cell identification and helps cells stick together

what explains the reason of when a person gets an organ transplant will have to take drugs to supress their immune system or that organ will be rejected

when insulin binds to the insulin receptor, this triggers the cell to begin taking in glucose due to which protein

the _____ the concentration of the solutes the _______ the concentration of water

the _________ the concentration of the solutes the ________ the concentration of water

this results in water moving from a high concentration (outside the cell) to a lower concentration (inside the cell)

this results in water moving from a high concentration (inside the cell) to a lower concentraion (outside the cell)

The energy of motion
could include mechanical energy, electrical energy or radiant energy

moving matter such as a car or your muscles

movement of charged particles: nerve impulses, electricity

energy that moves in waves: heat, microwaves

stored or inactive energy

what type of energy would be:
water behind a dam
(the water is not producing energy while it is behind the dam, but could if it was released)

energy stored in chemical bonds

a type of potential energy

what type of energy is ATP and example of

energy involved in moving matter

the study of energy and its transformations

energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another

energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

in what form is energy lost in living things according to the second law of thermodynamics

the relative amount of disorder or disorganization

each energy transformation that occurs increases the amount of ___________ in the universe

_____ in the universe is continually increasing

chemical reations that involve energy transformations

reactions that are reversible

it is important that all chemical reactions are __________

reactions that reach a chemical equilibrium where the concentrations of reactants and product are constant

require the input of energy

are reactions that release energy

metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller molecules

metabolic pathways that break down molecules

all enzymes are _______

all enzymes are _______ which speed up chemical reactions

enzymes will not cause a ______ to occur that would not occur naturally

all enzymes are specific for their ______

a substance that the enzyme acts upon

all enzymes simply help a _____ occur

enzymes ______ chemical reactions

enzymes do not become part of the _____ and is not used up by the _____

the more concentrated a substrate the faster an enzyme will react

enzymes work better with

if the temperature rises too much, the enzyme could be _____ and not be usable

the more concentrated an enzyme is, the faster the reaction will occur

the amount of protein that is produced from a gene
what helps regulate enzyme concentration

molecules that are necessary for an enzyme to function

inorganic ion or organic (but nonprotein) molecules

when the active enzyme is prevented from combining with its substrate

where a molecule binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding

where a molecule binds to the enzyme and changes the shape of the active site and prevents the substrate from binding

where the non-competitive inhibitor binds

where the end product of a metabolic pathway binds to the enzyme and prevents it from binding with its substrate

enzypes work by the enzyme cycle

an enzyme is not used by the ______ and it does not become part of the _____

enzyme+substrate -> enzyme substrate complex -> product + enzyme

the loss of electrons from a molecule

the gain of electrons from a molecule

a series of membrane bound carriers that pass electrons from one carrier to another

oval organelles found in photosynthetic cells

have an outer membrane and an inner membrane that is folded into disks

this organelle is responsible for the process of photosynthesis

a packet of radiant (light) energy

vary in wavelength and energy

photons of ____ wavelength have more energy than photons of _____ wavelength

absorb all waavelengths of light except for green and yellow-green

reflect the green and yellow-green
(this is why the plants look green)

the primary chlorophyll

absorbs blue-violet and red and reflects yellow-green
looks grass green

picks up what the other chlorophyll miss

absorbs blue and orange and red
looks more blue-green

a cluster of 200 to 300 pigment molecules located in the thylakoid membrane

sometimes called accessory pigments

contribute to photosynthesis

absorb blue-violet and/or blue-green and reflect either red, yellow and/or orange

pigments that are found in leaves but are masked by the chlorophylls

can be seen in leaves in the fall when the chlorophylls break down

pigments found in many flowers, fruits and vegetables

molecules that absorb different wavelengths of light

small openings in a leaf that allows air to enter

the fluid filled interiror

where light independent reactions occur

disks made from folds of the inner membrane

light dependent reactions occur along these membranes

the process by which carbon and energy enter the web of life

the process that uses sun energy (radiant energy) to take carbon dioxide and water and produce ocygen and glucose

consists of light dependent and light independent reactions (sometimes called light and dark reactions)

can produce their own food (their own glucose)

use photosynthesis to produce glucose

use chemical reactions to produce glucose

organisms that must consume organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) made by their own organism

must eat plant or animal materials

ATP is produced by the movement of electrons down an ETS

during this process the electrons travel with hydrogen ions (H+)

during this process the hydrogen ions become more concentrated on one side of a membrane

hydrogen ions can move by the process of diffusion through an enzyme complex which is called

uses the energy from the movement of the hydrogen ions to produce ATP

what produces ATP

can be used for energy

made of glucoses and is stored for later use

is a disaccharide madeof glucose and fructose

is the form of sugar that is easily transported around inside the plant

is made of glucoses and is used to make the cell wall

G3P can be used to make ______that are converted into lipids

G3P can be used to make ________ that are used to make proteins

glucose, strach, sucrose, cellulose, fatty acids, amino acids are all organic mollecules made from which process

these plants tend to live in moderate climates with sufficient rainfall

these plants fix carbon dioxide directly to ribulose biphosphate using the enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

these are plants that live in hotter drier climates

these plants include sugarcane, some grasses (like crabgrass) and corn

these plants take carbon dioxide into a mesophyll cell and fix it to PEP producing oxaloacetate

these plants convert oxaloacetate to malate which is moved into bundle sheath cells where the Calvin cycle takes place

by fixing carbon dioxide these plants can control the opening and closing of their stomata and reduce water loss

these are plants that live in very arid environments

these plants fix carbon dioxide directly to ribulose biphosphate using the enzyme ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

these plants are succulent plants such as cacti

the difference for these plants is that they only open their stomata during the night

pores in the leaves

openings that allow carbon dioxide in but also allow water to leave

for these plants the nights are cooler and water loss is reduced when the stomata are opened

the carbon dioxide taken in at night is converted to PEP that is stored in large vacuoles in mesyphyll cells for these plants

for these plants the PEP can be used in the day when ATP and NADPH are available from the light reactions to turn the Calvin cycle

photosynthesis consists of two phases

where is the noncyclic light dependent reaction located

what are the reactants of the noncyclic light dependent reaction

what are the products of the noncyclic light dependent reaction

_____ absorb photon energy and release electrons to higher energy levels. These electrons are used to produce ATP through ETS and also are used to produce NADPH
during which cycle

____ takes water and breaks it down into electrons, dydrogen ions and oxygen. These electrons are used to replace the electrons lost from P680 (photosystem II)
during which cycle

where does the calvin cycle take place

what are the reactants of the calvin cycle

what are the products of the calvin cycle

what important intermediate is used to make glucose and other organic moleclues like amino acids and fatty acids
during which cycle

what is used to make starch and sucrose

this electron flow pathway is not involved in photosynthesis

this electron clow pathway is simply used to produce ATP

this electron flow pathway originated in ancient bacteria and is used today by some bacteria and by plants to supplement ATP production

during this cycle the electron that leaves the photosystem is used to make ATP through an ETS and then is returned to the phosystem

this electron flow pathway uses only photosystem I

this electron flow pathway does not produce glucose

this cycle uses P700 only and the electron released by P700 is returned to P700 (which is why its called a cycle)

during the noncyclic pathway P680 loses an electron that must be replaced. ______ is how this replacement occurs.

a cellular process which requires oxygen to break down glucose, giving off carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP

eukaryotic cells produce ___ ATP moleucles per glucose

prokaryotic cells produce ___ ATP per glucose

are coenzymes that can pick up hydrogen ions and electrons and act as electron carriers

are electron carriers that carry electrons to the ETS

takes glucose, splits it and forms two pyruvate molecules along with ATP and NADH

takes pyruvate and produces acetyl CoA and NADH

takes acetyl CoA and produces ATP, NADH and FADH₂

takes the NADH and FADH₂ and uses them to produce ATP

the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP without oxygen available

this process really includes just glycolysis and then the conversions of pyruvate to either alcohol or some sort of acid

a term used to describe a process that does not use oxygen

a process used by yeast

when a yeast can function with oxygen

when a yeast can function without oxygen

bread uses _______ respiration and some _______ to produce the carbon dioxide that causes the bread to rise

beer uses _____ fermentation to produce alcohol

in ______ fermentation the yeast break the glucose into G3P, then into pyruvate and convert the pyruvate into alcohol

how many ATP molecules are produced per glucose during alcohol fermentation

alcohol fermentation is not as efficient as _____ fermentation

bacterial cells and human muscle cells produce acids when using anaerobic fermentation

human cells produce which type of acid

when muscle cells work very hard they cannot take in enough oxygen to power ____ respiration

lactate fermentation produces ____ and ___ when using the anaerobic fermentation pathways

what is responsible for muscle aches associated with hard work and exercise
due to it being damaging to the cells

cells get rid of excess lactate by using ___ converting it back to ____

which process results in oxygen debt

during catabolism all carbohydrates are broken down into ___ and all ___, if they are not ____ are converted to ____

during catabolism all fats are broken down into ___ and ___

during catabolism glycerel is converted into ___ which enter ____

during catabolism the fatty acids are converted to ___ and enter the ___ cycle

during catabolism all proteins are broken down into ____

during catabolism amino acids are ____

nutrients other than glucose can be used to produce ATP during which process

just as other organic molecules can enter the aerobic respiration pathways and be used to produce ATP, molecules within the aerobic resspiration pathways can be used to make or synthesize organic molecules during which process

during anabolism G3P can be converted to __

during anabolism Acetyl CoA can be converted to ____

during anabolism the glycerol and fatty acids can be reassembled to make ___

if you eat too much sugar you can convert glucose to fats using G3P and acetyl CoA during which two steps of anabolism

during anabolism amino acids can also be produced from intermediates within the ____ cycle

we produce 11 of the 20 amino acids through anabolism the other 9 we must get from our diet and they are called ____

what are used to make protein for the cells

energy ultimately comes from the ___

radiant energy is converted in the chemical energy of ____

glucose is converted into the chemical energy of ____

the chemical energy of ATP is used to drive cellular body processes that require ___ or ____ energy

ATP is also used to drive ____ reactions in the cells

since energy cannot be converted from one form to another without the loss of usable energy, these processes also produce ___ energy which is lost to the environment

where does the electron transport system (chemiosmosis) take place

where does the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle) take place

where does the preparatory reaction take place

where does glycolysis take place

what reactants does glycolysis require

what are the products of glycolysis

what are the folds on the mitochondria structure

what is the fluid inside the mitochondria

an oval organelle with two membranes

what are the reactants of the preparatory reaction

what are the products of the preparatory reaction

what are the biproducts of the preparatory reaction

what are the reactants of the citric acid cycle

where does citric acid get its name from

what are the products of the citric acid cycle

what are the biproducts of the citric acid cycle

what does the citric acid cycle begin and end with

what are the reactants of the ETS system (chemiosmosis)

what are the products and biproducts of the ETS system (chemiosmosis)

how many ATP are produced by the 10 NADH used during the ETS (chemiosmosis) system

how many ATP are produced by the 2 FADH₂ used during the ETS (chemiosmosis) system

what is the final electron acceptor of ETS (chemiosmosis) system

how many ATP are produced in prokaryotic cells during glycolysis

how many ATP are produced in prokaryotic cells during preparatory reaction

how many ATP are produced in prokaryotic cells during the citric acid cycle

how many ATP are produced in prokaryotic cells during the ETS system

what is the total ATP produced per glucose in prokaryotic cells

how many ATP are produced in ekaryotic cells during glycolysis

how many ATP are produced in ekaryotic cells during the prepartory reaction

how many ATP are produced in ekaryotic cells during the citric acid cycle

how many ATP are produced in ekaryotic cells during the ETS system

what is the total ATP produced in ekarytoc cells per glucose

what is a byproduct of aerobic repiration

what is a byproduct of photsynthesis

what organisms can survive without oxygen due to fermentation

what cannot survive without oxygen due to fermentation

when proteins are broken down into amino acids the amine group is removed
this is known as

after the amino acids are deaminated and the amine group (ammonia) has been removed it is converted to ___ in the liver

what molecuel is cycled during the citric acid cycle

during a citric acid cycle how many acetyl CoA do you have
how many times does the cycle turn

what cell does not have a mitochondria

______ characteristic of the plasma membrane due to its ability to allow certain molecules but not others pass through

diffusion of water through the plasma membrane of cells is

higher solute concentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to lose water by osmosis

protein in plasma membrane that bears a carbohydrate chain

process by which a cell engulfs a substance, forming an intracellular vacuole