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What is a hypothesis?
an explanation made on observations
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List the variables used in an experiment and what they do
- Independent: the variable being tested. Values are set/systematically altered by the investigator
- Dependent: the variable which changes due to the independent, the variable being recorded
- Controlled: The fixed variables, ones which keep the experiment fair and equal
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Define Qualitative variables
Qualitative variables are non numerical, eg. sex, colour, presence or absence of feature
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Define Quantitative variables & what are the 2 types
- Numerical variable, eg. height of family, number of litter (babies)
- 1. Continuous: height
- 2. Discontinuous: litter
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What is the difference between a treatment, sample and trial?
- Treatment: well defined conditions applied to sample units (eg. test tubes)
- Sample: a sub-set of a whole to estimate the values that might have been obtained if every individual or response was measured (made up of sample units)
- Trial: the repeat of an investigation at a different time
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What is biodiversity?
The diversity of plants, animals, fungi, monera and protista
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Why is biodiversity important?
- Biologists can then study living organisms to help find out how they became so diverse, how they function and how they interact with others
- This can manage the world's limited resources, help in medicine to cure diseases, control pests & for human benefit.
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What is the first step in conserving the world's biodiversity?
To collect, catalogue and name the organisms (classification)
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How can organisms be grouped?
Environment, Habitat, Food source, Human impact
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What are three ways in which organisms can be grouped by human impact?
- 1. Poisonous
- 2. Beneficial
- 3. Dangerous
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What is classification?
another way of describing the process of grouping
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What can be classified due to classification?
organisms, ecosystems and communities
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What are the three ways of classifying ecosystems or communities?
- 1. Climate
- 2. Dominant organisms
- 3. Habitat
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What is a biome and give an example?
A biome is a broad category of ecosystems or communities according to their climate. Eg. Australia's temperate climate forests are evergreen forest biomes
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What are the three main classification habitats?
- Marine
- Freshwater
- Terrestrial (land)
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Give an example of a classification of dominant organisms
- The great barrier reef is an ecosystem with dominant organisms of coral.
- Saltbush community is dominated by saltbushes (as well as other plants but salt bush being the most dominant)
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How are communities described by the CSIRO structure?
They are given names based on their overall structural appearance rather than dominant species
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What are the main structural differences between a closed forest, open forest and woodland?
Dominance of trees, shrub height and density, and grasses
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Give some examples of freshwater systems
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What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the process in naming the groups of life
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What are some useful way in classifying organisms?
- External appearance
- Internal anatomy
- Genetic information
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What are the 5 Kingdoms?
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Protista
- Monera
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What are Prokaryotes?
- Monera kingdom
- 'pro' means before & 'karyon' means nucleus
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What are Eukaryotes?
- Plants, animals and fungi.
- Eukaryote cells have a cell membrane, a 'true' nucleus and other specialised parts
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What is monera?
Largest group of organisms
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How many cells do most Protista organisms have?
- 1
- There are protista organisms with many cells though, but they aren't as diverse
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Give some types of Protista organisms
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What are the 2 types of Plants there are?
Vascular and non-vascular
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What phylum are non-vascular plants?
Phylum: Bryophyta
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What type of vascular plants are there?
- Seed (Gymnosperms mean seed only, or Angiosperms mean seed with flowers)
- Seedless
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What is the difference between monocot and dicot flowers?
- Monocot: 1 seed leef!!!! Also flower parts are in multiples of 3. Eg. Lilies, daffodils, palms and grass
- Dicot: 2 seed leafs!!!!! Also flower parts occur in multiples of 4 or 5. Eg. carrots, trees, shrubs
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Phylums within Animalia and their main structural differences
- P: Rotifera- wheel of cillia used for eating and moving
- P: Porifera- no organs or nervous system, aquatic, asexual. Eg. Sponges
- P: Cnidaria- Radial symmetry, stinging cells. Eg. jellyfish
- P: platyhelminthes- flat body, mouth no anus. Eg. tapeworm
- P: Nematoda- tiny, unsegmented roundworms. Eg. Hookworms
- P: Annelida- cylindrical, move by shaping water in body. Eg. earthworms, leeches
- P: Mollusca- mixed symmetry. Eg. snails, mussels, squid
- P: Arthropoda- classes such as Crustacea, Arachnida, Insecta and Diplopoda
- P: Echinodermata- radial symmetry. Eg. starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber
- P:Chordata- classes such as Chorndrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia
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Classifications in order from broadest to narrowest in Kingdoms
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- S
pecies
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Why can't hybrids be classified as a specie?
Because there aren't enough of them. They are only the rare offspring from 2 different species
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What is the Binomial system?
Naming species by 2 latinised words. One being the genus name and the other the specie
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Why are Species named using Latin?
Because Latin is a dead language, meaning it wont change.
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What is a Dichotomous key?
An identification key in which one brach leads to 2 branches at each step. Eg...
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