geol 106 unit 2

• steepest angle at which material remains stable
• unconsolidated and granular
• larger, angular particles maintain steeper slopes
• 25-40 deg

chemical trasnformatio (decompostition) into new conpound(s)

gradual downhill movement of regolith

• rapid mass wasting
• large amounts of water
• follow channels/canyons

• masses of rocks don't weather uniform uniformly
• caused by mineral makeup, degree of jointing, climate

• saturated by rain/snow
• viscous and slow
• forms on hillsides
• clay and silt

washing out of fine soil components

physical removal of material by water, wind, ice

slabs that separate due to continuous weathering

• occur at/near Earth's surface
• powered by energy form sun
• weathering, mass wasting, erosion
• break rock and move debirs

freefall of detached parts

moves as viscous fluid

• water gets into cracks >
• freezes and expands>
• inc pressure>
• enlarges fracture
• common in mntns with daily freeze/thaw
• temeperate climates

layers of soil

• powered by energy from earth's core
• mntn buliding, volcanic activity

debris flow of volcanic material

depletion of soluble materials from upper level

gravity causing rock/soil to move downward

• source of weathered material that forms soil
• dominant in young soil
• affects weathering, soil formation, fertility

permanently frozen ground

rock and mineral fragments that cover earth's surface produced by weathering

• sudden rapid movement when detached sediment/bedrock slides down
• occurs in high mntns

• concentrates mior amounts of metals into economically valuable concentrations
• EITHER percolation removes undesired material leaving enriched upper zone OR percolation removes desired material and deposits it at lower zone

igneous rock exposed by weathering and sheets of it break off

material remains coherent and moves along defined surface

slide on a curved surface

• life supporting material
• mineral, organic material, water, air

vertical cross section through all layers

classification system based on chemical.physical properties

• proportions of different particle sizes
• influence ability to reatin/transmit water
• rarely one particle size; textural categories

• very very slow mass wasting
• saturated with water (but water can't escape)

• true soil
• active and living roots, plant and animal life
• O>B horizons

• corners expose greater surface area and are weathered
• forms round rocks
• chemical weathering

piles of loosed rocks at base of mntn

physical breakdown (disintigration) and cchemical breakdown (decomposition) of rocks mear earth's surface

high gradient meets bread flat plain

stream-deposited material

permeable rock/sediments that transmits groundwater

impermeable layers that hinder.prevent groundwater movement

water rises in well above level of original encounter

marches where water can't flow up the levee and into the river

channel deposits composed of sand and gravel

lower limit to how deep a stream can erode

stream's load that is too heavy so it moves along the bottom

complex network of converging and diverging channels

max load a stream can carry

underground chambers of eroded limestone

max size particles a stream can carry

depression in water table resulting from drawdown

zone of active erosion on outside of meander

short channel segment cutting off and reconnecting meander

deposits formed when stream enters calm water

irregularly branching tributary system

volume of water flowing past a certain point of a stream ina given unit of time

solution of dissolved materials in water

main channel divides into smaller ones

imaginary line separating two drainage basins

land area that contirbutes water to a river system

lowering of water table due to wells

amount of water evaporated and transpired by plants

overflow of stream water when water exceeds capacity of channel

• flat valley floor covered with alluvium
• lateral erosion caused by shifting of meanders

• intermittent hotsprings or fountains
• columns of water ejected with great force in various intervals

• slop of stream channel
• vertical drop of stream ove specified distance

water within zone of saturation

water 6-9deg C warmer than mean annual air temp

unending circulation of earth'c water supply

meandering channel in steep narrow valley

water that soaks into ground

• landscapes shaped by dissolving power of groundwater
• sinkholes

slow moving straight line paths

streams with sweeping bends

sediment bordering channels built by successive floods

abandoned bend in meander

ability to transmit fluid

crescent shaped accumulation of sand/gravel deposited on the inside of a meander

volume of open spaces in rock/soil

stream diverges in spoke-like pattern

• right angle bends
• bedrock crisscrossed by joints

surplus water flowing over surface

jump/skip movement

• speed at which particle falls through still fluid
• larger particles settle faster
• denser particles settle faster

depressions in land

• mechanism by which particles of various sizes are separated
• particles of the same size are deposited together

natural flow of groundwater resulting when water table intersects ground surface

channel and surrounding terain that contibutes to water in stream

sediment suspended in water

water relased by plants into atmosphere

rectanuglar pattern where tributaties are parallel to each other

water moving in eratic swirling motion

area above water table not saturated

upper limit of groundwater

hole bored into zone of saturation

a tributary stream that flow parallel to stream because it can't breach the levee

open space in rock and sediment filled with water

• adjustments following a large earthquake
• generate smaller earthquakes

• soft weak layer of upper mantle
• slightly viscous

• waves that travel through earth's interior
• s-waves and p-waves

• innermost part of earth
• iron-nickel rich
• 3500 km thick

thin rocky outer layer or earth

vibration of earth produced by rapid release of energy

vibration from earthquake

location on surface directly above source of earthquake

large fracture in earth's crust

gradual fault displacement

source or earthquake beneath surface

• small earthquakes preceding major earthquake
• days or years

• solid
• 1200km radius

measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on damage

unconsolidated materials saturated with water move with earthquake

• crust and upper mantle
• brittle
• 100km thick

• very hot
• gradual flow
• 2300 km thick

amount of energy released at source or earthquake

Ca bulidings as its standard

boundary between crust and mantle

• derived from amount of displacemnet that occurs at fault zone
• more accurate measurement of magnitude

• very hot
• liquid
• 2300 km think

• push pull wave
• fastest
• can trasnmit across earth (through solids)

• based on amplitude of waves recorded on seismogram
• estimates realtive size of earthquake

• moves perpendicular to propogation
• can't transmit through liquid

seismic sea wave

study of earthquake waves

records revealing seismic waves as elastic energy

seismic waves that travel along crust

intrument that records earthquake waves