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HEMORRHAGE:
non-specific bleeding
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MELENA:
digested blood in stool
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HEMOPTYSIS:
coughed up blood
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HEMATEMESIS:
blood in vomit
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HEMATURIA:
blood in urine
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HEMATOMA:
focal pool of blood “balloon”
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PETECHIAE:
multiple tiny hemorrhages
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ECCHYMOSES:
like above but larger
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THROMBUS:
blood clot in vessel
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EMBOLUS:
thrombus in motion, or any abnormal object floating in circulation
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EMBOLISM:
emboli too large for circulation
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INFARCT:
Necrosis due to emboli obstructing blood flow to or from and organ or tissue
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SHOCK:
Hypovolemic or normovolemic; ultimate result is hypotension, lock of O2 delivery; septic hypovolemic, anaphylactic, cardiogenic etc,
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HYEREMIA:
Increase blood flow into arterioles; normal or pathologic
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CONGESTION:
blood stasis in the venules; due to
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HEMOSTASIS
Basic ability of the body to maintain vessels and blood flow in the vessels
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Coagulation:
Interaction between blood vessel wall, platelets and coagulation factors.
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4 Steps to Hemostsis:
- 1: Vasoconstriction
- 2: Platelets gather at site
- 3: Coagulation Factor
- 4: Return to Normal
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What are the 2 Phases of coagualtion?
Mechanical and Chemical
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Mechanical Phase
Primary Hemostasis: Damage attacts platelets, attach to each other and endothelium to prevent more damage
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Chemical Phase:
Secondary and Tertiary Hemostasis: Platelets Initiate, Coagulation Cascade
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What are the 3 Pathways of the Coagulation Cascade?
Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Common
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Intrinsic Pathway is AKA?
Contact Activation Pathway
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Extrinsic Pathway is AKA?
Tissue Factor Pathway
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Intrinsic Pathway:
- -Stimulation by exposed collagen and/ or damage to vessel for platelets to adhere
- -Factors 5,7,9,10, and11
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Extrinsic Pathway:
- -Stimulated by non-vascular damage (releases fluids and chemicals)
- -Factors 7 and 10
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Common Pathway:
- -Goal: lots of Fibrinogen to fibrin
- -Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway come together at Foactor 10
- -Now activated Thrombin is a major coagulant
- Factor 5 and 8 together converts prothrombin to Thrombin
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Facotr III:
Tissue Thromboplastin
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Factor VIII:
Antihemolytic Factor-
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Intrinsic Factors:
- -XII activates XI
- -XI activates IX w/ help of calcium
- -IX (and VIII) activates X
- -X (and V) convert Prothrombin to Thrombin
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Extrinsic Factors:
- -Tissue Factor released binds with and activates VII
- -Activated VII-TF catalyzed by C+++ activates X
- -X (and V) convert Prothrombin to Thrombin
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PLATELETS
- -PPSC->Myeloid Stem Cell-> Megakaryoblast-> Promegakaryocyte-> Megakaryocyte-> Platelets
- -2-4 um
- Inactive is smooth/ Active is irregular
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