Speech Midterm

• heart of communication
• the significance we attach to phenomena such as words actions people objects and events

active process of selection organizing and interpreting people objects events situations and activities

one acts in ways consistent to how one has learned to perceive oneself

the theory that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata

knowledge structure that defines the best or most representative example of some category

mental yardsticks that allow us to position people and situations along bipolar dimensions of judement

predictive generalizations about people and situations

• guides to action based on what we've experienced and observed
• a sequence of activities that defines what we and others expected to do in specific situations

subjective process of explaining perceptions to assign meaning to them

explanations of why things happen and why people act as they do

• can distort our perceptions
• leads us to take excessive credit for what we do welland to abdicate responsibility for what we do poorly

consists of beliefs values understandings practices and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people

claims that a culture includes a number of social communities that have different degrees of social status and privilege

refers to the number of constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions

• reflects cognitive complexity because it entails abstract thinking and broad ranges of schemata
• the ability to perceive another as a unique and distinct individual

ability to feel with another person-- to feel what he or she feels

• cognitive structures we use to organize and interpret experiences
• four types of schemata are: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes and scripts

communications that explicitly tells us who we are by labeling us and our behaviors

patterns of parenting that teaches us who we are and others are and how to relate to others

• another way family members communicate who we are and should be
• rules for how we are supposed to live and who we are supposed to be

• if the primary caregiver communicates in negative rejecting or abusive ways to the child
• a caregiver who is disinterested rejecting or abusive may lead to this

involves comparing ourselves with others to form judgements of our own talents attractiveness abilities leadership skills and so forth

the viewpoints of specific people who are significant to us

we see ourselves in terms of the appraisals reflected in others eyes

the collection of rules roles and attitudes endorsed by the whole social community in which we live

telling ourselves we are no good we'll never learn something there's no point in trying to change

people who communicate positively about us and who reflect positive appraisals of our self- worth

people who communicate negatively about us and our self- worth

• extreme downers
• they not only communicate negative images of us but also attack our self concepts

• define where the self stops and rest of the world begins
• this is the beginnings of self concepts: the realization that one is separate entity

the interchange of thoughts and ideas in order to obtain information

• 1. intrapersonal
• 2. interpersonal
• 3. small group
• 4. organizational
• 5. mass media

communication within the self

dyadic communication between 2 people

three or more (most common)

(millersville) formal

technology, papers etc.

• culture
• gender
• age
• ethnicity
• sexual orientation
• economic background
• religion
• educational background

all forms of communication start with an idea

• to entertain
• to inform
• to persuade

electronic or mechanical channels of delivering one to many communications

means of connecting and interacting actively

person or group who decides which messages pass through the gates of media to reach consumers

• purpose
• topic
• time
• research/resources
• audience

foundation of a speech

• demographic- age gender
• psychological
• environmental- ethnicity cultural economic status

• ethnicity
• psychological needs, safety, love,self- actualization
• need for independence
• need to change
• dominance

• grab attention of the audience
• give thesis

• humor
• statistics
• questions
• quotes
• examples
• formal
• non verbal
• startle/ shock

"heres why you need to hear this"

• sum up
• ending devices

• chronological
• historical
• spacial
• sequential
• cause/effect
• problem/solution
• topical or categorical

• facts
• statistics
• testimony
• examples
• narrative
• self

• manuscript- reading
• memorized
• impromptu
• extemporaneous

• appearance
• posture
• movement
• gestures
• facial expressions
• eye contact

vocal variety

• pitch
• volume
• rate
• quality or tone

• plan
• practice
• present