Bio Test 3

Multicalular heterotrophes

• all can move under thier own power at some point in thier life cycle
• Gametic Meiosis for Reproductin

Zygote--->Morula--->blastula--blastopore-> Gastrula

Single Cell

Solid ball

Hollow Ball

Forms either the mouth or Anus. If the anus is first then you get a mouth, if the mouth is formed first then there is NO anus

Multicellular

No symmetry

no tissues or organs

Sponges only

• Multicellular
• have symmetry
• tissues and organs

• Endoderm
• Mesoderm
• Ectoderm

INNERLAYER

Middle layer

Outer layer

• 1. Symmetry
• 2. Body cavity
• 3. Segmentation
• 4. Developmental

• Radial
• Bilateral
• Cephalization

Body is designed around a central axis no head, front or back (Jellyfish)

Front, back, top, bottom

Head brain

• This favors organs in the head region to first contact environment and the development of a brain that can react to the sensory input.
• Paired sensory organs - hearing vision smell
• Provide orientation in a 3-D world

• Advantage
• Better digestion-
• -differentiation of the system
• -room to hold foods so you can feed when it is safe and/or when food is abundant

• Reproduction
• room for large numbers of gametes (egg/sperm)
• Room to hold fertilized eggs until release during favorable conditions, better survival

• Acoelomic
• Pseudocoelomic
• Coelomic
• Coelome

Incomplete gut - mouth but no anus

Complete gut - mouth and anus

Pseudocoelomic (gut) forms between the Mess and Endoderm

• Forms within the mesoderm
• this allows physical contact of all tissue layers resulting in more complex organ systems
• -digestion
• -circulation

a complex, differentiated system with areas for storage, absorption, an elimination

• the first heart and circulatory system
• A transport system
• open and closed

Blood does not return directly to heart

• Blood does return directly to the heart
• more efficent

All coelomic organisms except molluscs are segmented

a. Coordination of the segments allows efficent movement

b. redundancy of organs in each segment. if one is damaged the others can compensate

c. more complex nervous system to control a. and b.

d. Fusing of segments to form highly specialized structures for feeding, sensory, locomotion.

Coelomic organisms only

• Blastopore forms the mouth first
• during development each cell does not have a full set of genetic instructions
• if one is damaged the organism may not survive

• blastopore forms the anus first
• each cell has a full set of genetic instructions
• if a cell is lost the others compensate

• Sponges
• parazoans
• most are marine organisms
• simple organisms that simply filter water nutrient from the water
• have intracellular digestion. each cell must absorb and digest its own nutrient
• no storage capacity for food

• Jellyfish, sea anemones and coral
• radial symmetry
• have Gastro Vascular Cavity (GVC)
• have extracellular digestion - food is digested in the GVC
• All Cnidarians have nematocysts

• a simple sac with one opening
• can hold food or a large organism
• has a large storage capacity

• stinging cells that have a trigger that fires when touched
• can produce powerful toxins
• allow feeding on and protection from advanced organisms like fish

Flatworms- Planarians, Flokes and Tapeworms

• Bilateral Symmetry
• Head brain Cephalization
• Excretion - Flame cell (throughout Body)
• Acoelmic organisms- Incomplete gut mouth but no anus
• GVC- a complex structure spread throughout the body

• Round worms
• -All are parasites
• -Bilateral
• -Pseudocoelomic - complete gut, mouth and anus
• -Intestine is a simple tube
• -Excretion Protonephridia
• -Pseudocoelomic cavity is full of fluid ( the fluid does help with some transport, the fluid filled cavity is the first hydrostatic skleton

Snails, slugs,clams, osyters,squid,octopi, cuttlefish and nautili

• External: some have a shell , others don't, may or may not have a distinct head
• Bilateral
• Food- specialized structure for feeding or locomotion
• Mantle- forms a chamber that can expell water for feeding, elimination, of waste or jet propulsion

• Internal:
• Coelomic- complex, differentiated digestive system
• Heart - open and closed circulation
• excretion- nephridia
• unsegmented

• Snails have a shell
• Slugs do not
• Both have distinct head
• foot is for gliding locomotion
• open circulation
• most are aquadic some are terestrial (the only ones in phylum)

• Clame, scallops, oysters, musseles
• no head
• all have two shells
• open circulation
• foot is for digging
• all are aquatic filter feeders

• Squid, octopi, cuttle fish and nautili
• all have a well developed head with eyes and excellent vision
• Only the Natilus has a shell
• Foot forms the tentacles with suckers for prey capture
• Mantle can compress to provide jet propulsion
• all have closed circulation
• have an advanced nervous system
• fast aggressive predators
• show true intelligence with problem solving, memory and communication

• Marine worms, Earth worms, leeches
• C oelomic
• Bilateral
• excretion- nephridia
• thses are the segmented worms
• 1. coordination
• 2. redundancy
• 3. nervous control
• 4. specialization

• Coelomic
• bilateral
• segmented

• Exterior shell
• -hard
• -protective
• -above all waterproof
• This allowed them to be the first terrestrial animal

• Tremondus Mechinical advantage
• makes them extremely strong and fast with very little weight

DO NOT have antenne

Have antenne

• OPen circulation
• Respiration- trachea and Spiracles
• Excretion - Malpighian tubes

Hole in exoskeleton

• 1. crusteacean
• 2. Arachnid
• 3. insects

• Crab, shrimp, lobster, crayfish, pill bugs
• Mandibulates- they have two pair of Antennae
• Body - cephalothroax, Abdomen
• 10 legs 5 pairs 1st pair often forms claws

• Spiders, scorpiones, ticks
• Chelicerates - no antennae
• body cephalothorax, abdomen
• 8 legs 4 pair

• Mandibulates- one pair of antennae
• Body
• -head
• -thorax
• -abdomen
• -6 legs or three pair
• -many have wings and can fly, the only arthropod that does
• -demonstrate many different mouth and leg adaptations

Some show social organization - Ants, Bees, Termites

The young and adult look the same except for size

Complete change from young to adult

Caterpillar to butterfly

about 90% of insects do this

• Starfish, Sea unrchins, Sand dollars, Sea cucumbers
• Fiirst to show deutersome development
• first to have an endoskeleton
• Development
• -young bilateral
• -adult Radial no head no brain

• Non-vertebrate chordate- no skull
• Vertebrate chordate-skull

• 1. notochord
• 2. dorsal hollow nreve cord
• 3. post anal tail

• Long soild flexible rod that runs the length of the body
• provides support and surface area for muscle attachment
• this provides efficent movement

structure that extends beyond the anus, for balance and locomotion

• 1. vertebral column of the vertebrae
• 2. distinct head witha skull that surrounds and protects the brain.
• 3. endoskeleton
• 4. more advanced organsystem- complex and producing regulatory hormones
• 5. neural crest

• Hollow felxible structure that srrounds and protects the nerve cord.
• Also provides support and gives muscle attachment

Internal framework for support, protection of organs and muscle attachment

Early developmentstructure found only in vertebrates

• a. gill arch- this develops later into the first jaw
• b. Sensory system become more sensetive (vision, hearing , touch, smell, sence gravity magnitism, and electromagnetic aura
• c. schwann cells
• d. adrenal gland

part of the nervous system. they greatly increase the speed of thesignal sent. allow fast responce

Produces adrenaline controls the stress responce

fight/flight increase in BP, Heart rate, and respiration

• Circulation single loop system
• gill ---> heart---> body---> abck to gill

Respiration counter current blood flows one way water in the opposite gives a maxium exchange of gas

cartilage is tough, flexible and lightweight

Bone is very strong cartilage and calcium ( tough, flexible and Hard)

• Must constantly move to respire
• no swim bladder must swim or they will sink

• Can remain stationary to respire
• have a swim bladder to give neutral bouyancy they can float