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what does protein mean
of first rank
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what are proteins composed of?
- carbon,
- hydrogen,
- oxygen,
- nitrogen
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how much of the cell is protein
50% (most plentiful next to water)
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Some proteins are working molecules (6)
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–Enzymes
- –Antibodies
- –Transport vehicles
- –Hormones
- –Cellular “pumps”
- –Oxygen carriers
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• Some proteins are structural molecules(7)
- –Tendons
- –Ligaments
- –Scars
- –Fibers of muscles
- –Cores of bone and teeth
- –Filaments of hair
- –Materials of nails
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Hair, nails and outer skin
made of
scleroprotein (non digestible)
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fxn of protein
- –Builds new cells
- –Maintains tissues
- –Synthesizes new proteins
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?% of protein eaten daily goes into
making enzymes that
–Digest food
–Assemble or divide molecules
50
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made of amino acids
and nucleic acids
Nucleoproteins
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a protein from which connective
tissues are made
Collagen:
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Structure of amino acids
- amine group
- acid group
- side chain
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Side chains Make the amino acids differ in 4
- • Size
- • Shape
- • Electrical charge (+, -, 0)
- • behavior
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cannont be synthesized by the body...must be aquired by food
Fully indepsensible amino acids
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9 fully indespensible amino acids
- • Histidine
- • Isoleucine
- • Leucine
- • Lysine
- • Methionine
- • Phenylalanine
- • Threonine
- • Tryptophan
- • Valine
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5 Dispensable Amino Acids
(non-essential)
•Synthesized by the human body
- –Alanine
- –Aspartic acid
- –Cystine
- –Glutamic acid
- –Serine
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Amino Acids that are essential in
the diet during certain stages of
development or in certain
nutritional or disease states
- –Arginine
- –Cysteine
- –Tyrosine
- –Glutamine
- –Glycine
- –Proline
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Sufficient amounts of the 9 EAAs to
maintain nitrogen balance
High Quality Protein
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Balance of reactions in which proteins are broken down or destroyed and rebuilt
• Nitrogen Balance
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Measure of how well food proteins can be converted into body proteins
• Biologic Value
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Sustains optimal growth because have
all 9 IAAs present
• Animal sources (meat, fish, milk, eggs) • Soy
• Complete Proteins
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–One or more IAAs missing in a food
–Supports life, but not normal growth
• Legumes, nuts, grains
• Low-Quality Proteins
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single amino acid chanis are called
peptides
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normal pH of the stomach
1.5
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How Much Protein Do We Need?
• DRI
- –Depends on body size
- –For adults: 0.8g/kg body weight/day
- –Minimum: 10% of total calories
- –Maximum: 35% of total calories
- –Infants, children, pregnant women and
- athletes may need slightly more
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Groups at risk for protein deficiency:
- –Children of low socioeconomic rank
- –Chronically ill
- –Hospitalized patients
- –Elderly living alone or institutionalized
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Even a single event of proteinenergy
malnutrition in the first
year of life can lead to
- –delayed deciduous tooth eruption
- –delayed loss of primary teeth
- –increased number of caries
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• Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
- –World’s most widespread malnutrition –Includes both Marasmus & kwashiorkor
- –Adult PEM is often associated with longterm drug and/or alcohol abuse
- –a.k.a. Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (PCM)
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? children
face starvation and suffer
the effects of severe
malnutrition and hunger
Over 500 million
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–Chronic inadequate food intake
• Inadequate energy (calories), vitamin,
mineral, and protein intake
–Person is shriveled and lean all over
• Marasmus
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–Swollen belly and skin rash are present
–Severe acute malnutrition
• Too little high-quality protein to support body
functions (IAA deficiency)
• Develops when a child is weaned from breast
milk to a low-nutrient diet
• Kwashiorkor
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Too much protein may cause health risks for (3)
- heart
- kidney
- bones (too much protein, body excretes Ca)
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for vegitarians what should be monitored
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What might you need to supplement for vegitarians
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–Lacto-vegetarian
- •Dairy and plant foods
- •No meat, poultry, fish, eggs
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–Lacto-ovo vegetarian
•No meat, poultry, fish
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–Ovo-vegetarian
- •Plants and eggs only
- •No meat, poultry, fish, dairy
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–Vegan (strict)
•Only plant sources
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– From protein energy malnutrition
(PEM)
– Depressed immune responses,
stress, infection
• Erythema
• Necrosis
• Cratered papilla
• NUG
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– Severe gangrenous process
• Starts as small gingival ulcer
• Becomes necrotic and spreads to
lips, cheeks, jaw tissues
• Lowered immune response
• Noma
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