Immune System

• Functional system-only comes up when needed
• 2 types

• Non-specific, reacts to anything
• 2 lines of defence

Ex: skin barrier, mucus protection

Ex: blood, phragocytes, protiens

• If all fails to work and protect body this line of defence works
• Antibodies

Cartilage ring like shape not complete mucsle area at top

• Name given to any cell that can do a function
• Function is to kill bugs
• From monocytes

Microbe clings to phagocyte and killed and removed from cell

Capsule formed around microbe so it can be moved through cell and then removed

• Kills and digests microbe
• Suicide packet of cell

Lysosome enzymes-kill microbe in phagocytes

Vesicle that carries microbe through phagocyte with lysosome enzymes

• The name of microbe once inside the cell
• Lysosome enzyme attach and kill bug in phagosome

The coating of sugar on microbe so it can be attached by phagocyte

• "Pitt Bulls" of immune system
• Defence, Immune cells
• Secrete perfornis-sphere like-kills bugs

Microgillia-immune cell of brain

Kupffer cell-immune cell

The taking in of air by cells to make O- free radicals that will kill bugs

Attach of microbes

• Response given by body to attach of microbe
• Heat, pain, swelling, red

The process of an invading microbe being killed and decarted

• Ex: Histomine
• Sends positive chemotaxiz signal out from site of inflammation

• Signal sent out by imflammatory chemicals
• Reinforces chemical movement to cite of infection

• Enter blood vessels from bone marrow
• Cling to walls of blood vessels

Neutrophils cells walk along blood vessels so it wont be draged away by blood traveling in other direction

Neutrophils walk along to infection cite with legs then travel up to cite to kill bugs

DNA and RNA-need host to live and divide

• Only DNA, RNA enter cell
• Use up all the cells good to divide and live
• Travels cell to cell infecting each

Makes interferon protiens, sends to next cell which will be made into anti-viral protiens which block virus from binding

Blocks RNA virus from becoming DNA very exspensive treatment (HIV)

• Groud of proteins-20 diff types
• Makes hole on invading bug and makes it stay open for ever-so enzyme & lysosomes can always enter
• Complex cascade

when 1st and 2nd line fail we make antibodies

• Anything that works agianst anything invading
• Attatch to antingen at protein cite

• Antibodies are made against these
• Shape depends on amino acid protein

Invading protein, must match up at hapten for antibody to work

• Site where antigen and antibody attatch
• Only need a portion of antigenic determinants to make antibodies

A weakened virus, alive but weak

virus is dead cant live

• Heavy chain
• Light chain
• Antigen-binding site

Site where antigen (invader) binds to antibody at tip

• Blood cell that makes antibodies
• Antigen binding to lymphocytes to kill antigen
• B lymphocytes are cloned

Makes antibodies that are put in blood and circulated constintly

• A copy of antibodies combination
• If antibody #'s get low it can copy and make more and more plasma cells so antibodies can be made

Weakend or dead bug-gives cells time to recognize the virus so antibodies can be made befor illness

• IgD
• IgM
• IgG
• IgA
• IgE

first antibody that is made in immune response

Most # of antibodies in blood from IgG

Body respose or vaccine

realeased by phagocytes responce (fever)

• Mounting resonse in body at all times
• Active-infection
• Passive-antibodies passed through mothers milk

• Vaccine
• Active-vaccine dead or attenuated
• Passive-isolated antibodies produced outside the body and given synthetically

Antibodies go down after awhile never hit zero

• Stimulates memory cells to make more plasma cells that make antibodies
• Keeps antibodies up for years

Both have antibodies

Both come together inactivation-everything stops antibody stops antigen

Blocks all sides of antigen makes it inactive

Alot of antibodies bind to antigen and pull it down and they clupm together inactive

Become particalized and are pulled down into tube become inactive and insoluble

Your body makes antibodies agianst eseatolie receptors-decrease mucsle movement-in face

• Immune reacation to antigens
• Given in transfusion

• Increased immune reaction
• body goes crazy
• Anafolatic shock

When shock spreads to whole body

• Organ or tissue from your body to you
• (same)

• Twins-share stuff
• No transplant rejection
• (similar)

• No relation
• Same species
• Exchange of organ and tissue

• Not the same species
• Organ or tissue transplant
• Pig