36 cardio system

True or False

Men are more likely to have lung cancer over
women
True False

Hemorrhage of the nares or nostrils

Where is the heart located?

____ carry oxygenated blood away from the left side of the heart to the body tissues.

____ carry deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

The protective sac that encapsulates the heart is called ___

What are the three layers of the pericardium?

The layer that lines the inside of the heart that is made up of epithelium cells

Layer that is made up of striated muscles and varies in thickness depending on the hearts chamber

The thickest chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the body is ___

Layer that surrounds the outside of the heart

The layer that is also called the epicardium that surrounds the heart and lines the great vessels

The emptying of blood with each contraction

The cardiac recovery phase

The upper chambers of the heart are called ___

The lower chambers of the heart are called

Left ventricle pumps blood into the ____

Right ventricle pumps blood into the ____

What are the 4 heart valves

Fibrous cords attached to the cusps of the tricuspid and mitral valves is called __

___ keeps the valves from inverting when the ventricles contract thus preventing blood from flowing back into the atrium

____ and ____ valves prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the pulmonary artery and aorta during repolarization

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction or systole is known as ____?

The amount of blood ejected in 1 minute

____ Supply nutrients and oxygen to the heart

The conduction system that controls the heartbeat consists of

Called the pacemaker of the heart that initiates electrical impulses and is Located in the right atrium

Located in the lower right atrium

Group of specialized conduction fibers located in the interventricular septum

Fibersthat separate into right and left bundle branches and divides into smaller branches

_____ is completed when an impulse has completely gone through the conduction system of the heart and the ventricles have contracted

Factors that influence stroke volume

Amount of pressure within the ventricle

The force that resists ejection of blood from the ventricles

The strength of cardiac contraction

Sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves closing simultaneously

Sound heard on the right intercostal space. Simultaneous closing of the pulmonic and aortic valves.

Low pitched sound that sounds like a gallop

Three layers of arteries

Single layer of smooth endothelial cells

Middle layer composed of smooth muscle cells

Outer layer that consists of connective tissue sheaths and collagen fibers that hold the vessel in place

Thin vessels that connect the smallest arterioles with the smallest venules

Excess fluid in the abdomen

Capillary refill should be less than ____ in fingers and toes

The leg will be ____if there is an arterial circulatory problem

The leg will be ____ if there is a venous circulatory problem

Inflammation of the skin caused by decreased circulation

A positive ____ is present in some cases of DVT and if there is pain in the calf or behind the knee it may indicate a venous clot.

The firing of the SA node and the electrical impulse spreading across the atria yields a ___ wave in the ECG

Purkinje fibers transmit an electrical impulse to the _____ cells resulting in depolarization or contraction of ventricles

Waves that represent repolarization of the ventricles and are repeated after each heart beat

The wave that is not always present on an ECG strip

complex that represents the electrical impulse from beginning to end

The pause after qrs complex that represents the period between contraction and repolarization or recovery

Irregularity in the rate, rhythm or conduction of the electrical system of the heart

Irregular beats

Most common causes of dysrythmias

Administration of atropine is a treatment for ____?

Device that senses the dysrhythmia and automatically sends an electrical shock directly to the heart to defibrillate it.

Occurs when the valves do not open and close properly

When the valve does not close and leaks blood back into the chamber which it came from is called

True or False

The aortic valve is not repaired only replaced
True False

Narrowing and hardening of arteries

Fatty deposits on the inner lining of vessel walls also known as plaque

Chest pain that is a tempoarary inadequate blood and oxygen supply to the myocardial tissues is also called

Ischemic attacks that do not experience angina

Final stage of heart conditions

HF usually begins on which side

_____ failure is caused by left ventricular myocardial infarction, aortic valve stenosis, prolapsed valve complications and hypertension

when blood becomes congested in the inferior vena cava, causing edema first in the extremeties and then in the trunk of the body this is a liklyhood of ______.

enlargement of the liver

edema, hepatomegaly, and neck vein distention are all signs and symptoms of ________.

a localized dilation occuring in a weakened section of an artery's medial layer is called a(n):

an example of congenital congestion would be:

known as high blood pressure

a BP of 140/90 indicates

african american race, male gender, aging, post menopausal women, and family history are all_______ risk factors

smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, stress, low socioeconomic status, diet high in fat and sodium, alcohol intake, and oral contraceptives are all examples of ______ risk factors

cause of hypertension is unknown is called:

when the cause of hypertension is another condition in the body such as renal artery stenosis, chronic renal disease, sleep apnea etc is also known as:

which step in the stepped care approach involves adding a diuretic or beta blocker to the clients care regimen

this step in the stepped care approach is to increase the drugs, try another drug, or add a secondary hypertensive

this step in the stepped care approach invilves encouraging the client to try some lifestyle changes such as diet adn exercise.

inflammation in the wall of a vein without clot formation

formation of a clot in a vessel

clot that remains in the site where it formed

a clot (thromubus) that moves becomes an

pooling of blood, vessel trauma, and coagulation problems are all known as:

true or false

is there are clinical signs of a thrombus homan's sign should not be assessed because the clot may be dislodged adn become an embolus
True False

when a clot is surgically removed is called:

value at a particular time taht serves as a reference point for future value levels

destruction of red blood cells

involves injecting a chemicalinto the vein causing the vein to become hardened so blood no longer flows through it

involves introducing a wire into a vein is called:

visibly prominant, dilated, and twisted veins usually in the lower extremeties

varicose veins in the esophagus is also known as

varicose veins in the anus is also known as:

tieing off an involved section of the vein with a suture is called

an intermitten spasm of the digital arteries and arterioles resulting in decreased circulation in the fingers and toes is called

dysrhythmia that occurs from electrical conduction disturbances in the atria. Not usually life threatening.

common causes: MI, CHF, electrolyte imbalance, stress, medication

dysrythmia that is more life threatening and originates from the ventricles

dysrhtymia when client has no BP, pulse or respiration

dysrythmia when client is unconscious, no pulse or resps

electrical conduction interrupted to some degree between atria and ventricles at AV node

inflammation or infection of inside lining of heart

what does the cardio system consist of

in a lifetime how much blood will the heart pump

peripheral vascular system consists of:

how much blood volume do veins and venules contain

3 goals when obtaining health history

major risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases

unalterable risk factors

3 objectives in assisting client toward healthier lifestyle

typical concers expressed by a client with cardiac disorder

a woman with cardiac disorder is most likely to experience:

why do caridac cleints faint

how to alleviate fatigue in cardiac clients

distended internal and external neck veins with HOB at 45 degrees can indicate:

if a heartbeat is heard but not felt through radial pulse this can mean?

Bradycardia:

–Heart rate of:

–Treatment?

Tachycardia

–Heart rate of:

–Treatment:

dysrythmia Symptoms vary from:

most important thing a nurse should consider if tachycardic is

Occur from electrical conduction
disturbances in atria resulting in

Premature atrial contractions
Atrial tachycardia
Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation

paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia occurs suddenly, what could the MD perform to help stop this dysrythmia

rapid contraction ofthe atria yielding a HR of 250-350 bpm, sawtooth pattern requiring immediate intervention

erratic electrical activity of the atria of 350-600 bpm. atria quivers bc of mitral valve disease, HF, CAD, MI, hyperthyroidism, hypertensive HD.

lifethreatning dysrythmia bc of the blood supply to lungs and body

if PVC occurs without any other cardiac contractions what Tx should be done

dysrhythmia that can lead to pulmonary congestion and can result in low BP, weak body, and unconsciousness. rate may go as high as 140-240 bpm

cardioversion is delivered on ___ wave. why?

types of ventricular dysrythmia Treatment:

delivery of a synchorized electrical shock to change rythm circulate blood and oxygenate tissues

delivery of an unsynchornized, high energy electrical shock given in emergency situation. everyone stands clear of bed to prevent shock.

most common cause of ventricular fibrillation is _____

disorganized, chaotic, jagged unidentifiable waves with client having no BP, pulse, or respiratrion.

during ventricular fibrillation measures are to

electrical conduction is interrupted to some degree between atria and ventricles at the AV node

AV block degree with impulse that reaches ventricles but is delayed. requires no Tx bc it has no s/s

Tx for 2nd and 3rd degree AV block

nursing mgt for dysrythmia

Tx for atria dysythmia

Tx for ventricular dysrythmia

what do crackles indicate

A Complication of rheumatic fever with s/s such as polyarthritis, chorea, rash, carditis

Linked to group A streptococcus following
upper respiratory infection

occurs 2-3 weeks after inadequetly treated pharyngitis

main goal for rheumatic fever

what should be done for people with rheumatic heart disease before surgery or dental work

rheumatic heart disease can be treated with

Inflammation or infection of inside
lining of heart Including valves

Clients may develop murmurs, dyspnea,
peripheral edema, or pulmonary congestion

•Acute symptoms: Tachycardia, pallor, diaphoresis,
and symptoms of infection

infective carditis is caused by

Tx for infective endocarditis

•Inflammation of myocardium

•Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms of fever,
pharyngitis, myalgias, GI complications, chest pain, and pericardial friction rub

Treatment: Digoxin, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, oxygen, and bed rest to prevent congestive heart failure

can lead to CHF

usually caused by virus

prevelant in aids Pt

activity to prevent myocarditis

•Inflammation of membranous sac surrounding heart

•Symptoms: Severe chest pain and pericardial
friction rub

•Complication: Cardiac tamponade

•Caused by myocardial ischemia

•Squeezing pain under sternum radiating to left or right shoulder, jaw, or ear

•Pain may be mild or immobilizing

•Treat to increase blood supply to affected area via medication or surgical procedures E.g., percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), stent, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

vasodilator tx for angina

mona for angina

•Obstruction in coronary artery resulting
in necrosis to tissues supplied by artery

•Symptoms: Chest heaviness, lower sternal pain, dyspnea, diaphoresis, nausea, anxiety, vomiting, change in pulse and blood pressure, pallor, and cyanosis

•Women may have different symptoms

atherosclerosis common cause

left ventricle most affected

MI s/s for men

•Treat to reduce oxygen demands, increase oxygen supply, relieve pain, improve tissue perfusion, and prevent complications and further tissue damage

•Treatment: Medications, surgery, diet, and bed rest

•Develops when heart no longer capable of
meeting body’s oxygen needs

•Causes: Untreated left ventricular failure, right ventricular myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive coronary disease, cor pulmonale, and pulmonic valve stenosis

Treatment of Heart Failure

•Heart affected because of lung condition
that interferes with exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in alveoli

•Symptoms and medical and nursing care
same as right-sided heart failure

•Done for cardiomyopathy, end-stage coronary artery disease, and valvular disease

•Recipient must remain on immunosuppressant medication for remainder of life

•Localized dilation occurring in weakened
section of artery

•Symptoms depend on location:Hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, cool and clammy skin, and abdominal or back pain

•Treatment: Medications, surgery, and periodic
monitoring

abdominal aorta common

•Inflammatory disease of small and medium
arteries and veins leading to vascular obstruction

•Symptoms: Numbness, burning, pain at rest,
and decreased sensation in hands and feet

•Intermittent spasm of digital arteries and arterioles

–Results in decreased circulation to fingers and toes

•Symptoms: Fingers pale, cyanotic, red as
circulation returns, and with tingling or throbbing pain