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Cardiovascular hyponatremia
- symptoms vary w/ changes in vascular volume
- Normovolemic: rapid pulse rate; normal blood pressure
- hypovelmic: thready, weak, rapid pulse rate; hypertension flat neck veins; normal or low central venous pressure
- hypervolemic: rapix, bounding pulse; blood pressure normal or elevated; normal or elevated central venous pressure
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cardiovascular hypernatremia
heart rate and blood pressure responds to vasular volume status
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Respiratory hyponatermia
shallow, ineffective respiratory movement is a late manifestation related to skeletal muscle weakness
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Respiratory hypernatremia
pulmonary edema if hypervolemia is present
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Neuromuscular hyponatermia
generalized skeletal muscle weakness that is worse in the extremities
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neuromuscular hypernateremia
- early: spontaneous muscle twitches; irregular muscle contractions
- late: skeletal muscle weakness; deep tendon reflex diminished or absent
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central nervous system hyponatremia
- headache
- personality changes
- confusion
- seizures
- coma
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central nervous system hypernatremia
- altered cerebral function is the most common manifestation of hypernatremia
- normovolemia or hypovelemia: aggitation, confusion, seizures
- hypovelemia: lethargy, stupor, coma
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Gastrointestinal hyponatremia
- increased motility and hyperactive bowel sounds
- nausea
- abdominal cramping and diarrhea
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Gastorintestinal hypernatremia
extreme thirst
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Renal hyponatremia
increased urinary output
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renal hypernatremia
decreased urinary output
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integumentary hyponatremia
dry mucous membranes
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integumentray hypernatermia
- dry and flushed skin
- dry and sticky tongue and mucous membranes
- presence or absence of edema, depening on fluid volume changes
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Labratory findings Hyponatremia
- serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L
- decreased urinary specific gravity
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Labratory findings hypernatremia
- serum sodium level that exceeds 145 mEq/L
- increase urinary speific gravity
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