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What are 3 characteristics of the animal kingdom?
multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic
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made of of more than one cell
multicellular
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must consume other organisims to get their energy and nutrients
heterotrophic
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used to trace evolutionary relationships among major groups of animals
cladogram
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Which single celled organism most likely gave rise to the first animals?
animal-like protist
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the only family that contains vertebrates is
Chordata
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What are the five classes of vertebrates?
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
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What are the nine phyla in the animal kingdom?
profiera, cnideria, patyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, arthropada, echinodermata, chordata
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organisms whose cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic
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Jellyfish
Phylum Cnideria
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Flatworms, tapeworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Roundworms
Phylum Nematoda
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Clams, oysters, squid
Phylum Mollusa
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Earthworms, leeches
Phylum Annelida
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Spiders, insects, lobsters, crabs
Phylum Arthropoda
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Starfish, sand dollars
Phylum Echinodermata
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Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Phylum Chordata
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In arthropods, when the young look like the adult throughout their life. Example: grasshopper
incomplete metamorphosis
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In arthropods and some amphibians, when the young look completely different from the adult. Ex: butterflies, frogs
complete metamorphosis
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What type of fertilization and development (internal vs. external) does a grasshopper have?
internal fertilization and external development (lay eggs).
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What type of fertilization and development (internal vs. external) does an earthworm have?
external fertilization & development
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How does respiration occur in a grasshopper
through spiracles and a tracheal system
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openings on the underside of a grasshopper for gas exchange
spiracles
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series of tubes that transports gasses in a grasshopper
tracheal system
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what type of skeleton and appendages do arthropods have?
exoskeleton & jointed appendages
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wht do arthropods need to do in order to grow?
shed their exoskeleton
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How does respiration occur in an earthworm?
through their moist skin
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having both male and female reproductive organs
hermaphroditic
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The earthworm is hermaphrotic. What is an advantage of this?
Earthworms can mate with any other worm (don't need to find a male or female) and all worms can produce offspring (not just the females).
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How does respiration occur in a fish?
through gills
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What type of fertilization and development (internal vs. external) does a frog have?
external fertilization & development
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How does respiration occur in a frog?
Lungs and moist skin
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What type of fertilization and development (internal vs. external) do reptiles have?
Internal fertilization and external development (lays eggs)
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How does respiration occur in reptiles, birds and mammals?
Lungs
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What type of fertilization and development (internal vs. external) do birds have?
internal fertilization and external development (lays eggs)
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What type of fertilization and development (internal vs. external) do most mammals have?
Internal fertilization and development
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gives birth to "live young"... most mammals (i.e. human, bear, etc)
placental mammals
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mammals that lay eggs, ex: platypus
monotremes
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give birth to live young, but early in development, Ex: kangaroo and koala
marsupials
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why do earthworms and amphibians have to keep their skin moist?
to help with gas exchange ("breathing" through their skin)
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What is a difference between the skin of reptiles and amphibians?
amphibians skin is smooth and moist and reptile skin is dry and scaly
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How many heart chambers do birds and mammals have?
4-chambers
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How many heart chambers do amphibians and some reptiles have?
3 chambers
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What is an advantage of a 4-chamber heart?
Their is seperation of exygenated and deoxygenated blood so only oxygenated blood is pumped out to the body
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animals that rely on the environment to maintain their body temperature (cold-blooded)
ectothermic
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animals that can generate their own heat (warm-blooded)
endothermic
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What classes of animals are ectothermic
fish, amphibians and reptiles
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what classes of animals are endothermic?
birds and mammals
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what is the organization of bodies beginning with organelles?
organalles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
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Recognizes & coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environments.
Nervous system
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Supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement (when combined with a muscular system); stores mineral reserves; site of blood cell production
skeletal system
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system that breaks down food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates waste
digestive system
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Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, fights infection; helps regulate body temperature
circulatory system
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System that provides oxygen for the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body
respiratory system
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Eliminates nitrogen waste (urine) from the body to maintain water balance
excretory system
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works with skeletal system to help with movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system
muscular system
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controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis
endocrine system
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protects the body from disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system
lymphatic system
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barrier against infection and injury; helps regulate body temperature; protects against UV rays from the sun
integumentary system
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system that produces reproductive cells (egg or sperm); in females, also nurtures and protects developing embryo
reproductive system
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what body system contains the following organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves?
nervous system
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what body system contains the following organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
skeletal system
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what body system contains the following organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines?
digestive system
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what body system contains the following organs: heart, blood vessels, blood?
circulatory system
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What body system contains the following organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs?
respiratory system
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What body system contains the following organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra?
excretory system
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What body system contains the following organs: thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, hormones produced?
endocrine system
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what body system contains the following organs: skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glans?
integumentary system
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What is the external reproductuve structure on the earthworm?
clitellum
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why does the small intestine have tiny folds on the inside of it?
it increases the surface area of the intestine so more nutrients can be absorbed
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small folds on the inside of the small intestine
villi
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Why is there an abundance of blood vessels attached to the outside of the small intestine?
because nutrients that are absorbed by the small intestine immediately enter the bloodstream and go to the rest of the body
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why do frogs and earthworms lay so many eggs?
Because there is no parental protection so it ensures that some survive.
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blood is not contained in a network of vessels and is inside the body cavities
open circulation
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blood travels throughout the body in vessels
closed circulation
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small holes on the earthworm where nitrogen wastes leave the body
nephridia
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what life function is being descrbed: moves materials throughout an organism
transport
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what life function is being described: removal of metabolic (nitrogen) wastes?
excretion
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what life function is being described: maintain homeostasis; helps organisms respond to changes in the environment?
regulation
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what life function is being described: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
respiration
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what life function is being described: breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients?
digestion/nutrition
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what life function is being described: production and growth of offpsring?
reproduction and development
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what is the pathway of food in a frog and fetal pig?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestine
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what 2 digestive organs does an earthworm have that the frog and fetal pig do not have?
crop and gizzard
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stores food in an earthworm
crop
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grinds of breaks down the food in an earthworm
gizzard
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What animal phylum contains the most # of organisms?
arthropada
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similar parts branch out in all directions from a central line (like the spokes on a bicycle tire).
radial symmetry
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two halves on either side of a central plane are similar
bilateral symmetry
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What animal phyla are asymmetrical?
phlum porifera
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which animal phyla have radial symmetry?
phylum cnideria and echinodermata
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Which animal phyla have bilateral symmetry?
phylum platyhelmintes, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, arthropada, and chordata
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