Infection Control

a bacteria that requires O2 for survival

a bacteria that thrives in little or no O2

an immunoglobulin produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, virus or other antigenic substance

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a substance (usually a protein) that the body recognizes as foreign, and that can provoke an immune response

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gained following the receipt of a vaccine, has a short life span and required boosters

can be active or passive

• the absence of pathologic microorganisms
• these techniques are practices that keep the pt as free from microorganisms as possible

without symptoms

a substance that kills bacteria

a substance that prevents growth and reproduction of bacteria

effective against a wide range of infectious microorganisms

people who harbor and spread an organism that causes a disease in others but they themselves are not ill

the presence and multiplication of microorganisms without tissue invasion or damage

contagious, transmissible by direct or indirect means

• an inactive protein found in blood serum, it is activated when an antigen and antibody bind
• initiates the phagocytosis and lysing processes

when a complement makes a hole through the antigens cell membrane causing it to burst

a process that eliminates many or all microorganisms with the exception of bacterial spores

swelling

an infection that occurs when a persons natural flora becomes altered and overgrows

the study of disease

an infections that is caused by a microorganism external to the individual, it is not found in the normal flora

Drainage of fluids

• serous is clear
• sanguineous is pinkish bc it contains small amts of blood
• purulent is cloudy bc it contains wbc's and bacteria

scar tissue, repair tissue that isn't as strong as tissue collagen

a vigorous brief rubbing together of all surfaces on the hands lathered in soap, followed by rinsing under a stream of water

a type of nosocomial infection resulting from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure

• a series of biological responses that change the bodies biological makeup so that reactions to future exposure are different than the first reaction.
• in a normal immune response the antigen is neutralized, destroyed or eliminated

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an impaired immune system

• antibodies
• M,G,A,E,D

• vascular and cellular responses
• formation of inflammatory exudates
• tissue repair

interferes with the ability of the viruses to multiple and protects body cells from simultaneous infection with other viruses

characterized by a tendency to spread, infiltrate and intrude

an increase in the number of circulating WBC's

an infection that affects a single organ or part

chemical messengers that attract macrophages and stimulate then to attack antigens

• clean technique
• procedures used to reduce/prevent the spread of microorganisms
• ex. hand washing, wearing gloves

• a nosocomial infection
• MOT is from pt's that are carriers to a pt with a compromised immune system

• microscopic organisms capable of carrying out living processes
• ex. fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoa

microorganisms that are resistant to multiple antibodies

• immunity that results after having had a disease
• usually lasts a lifetime

dead tissue

• the microorganisms that normally live in the body.
• microorganisms that do not normally cause disease when residing in their usual area of the body, but participate in maintaining health by preventing other microorganisms from growing or spreading

• nosocomial infections
• hospital acquired infections resulting from delivery of care

immunity of short duration and is the type that can be obtained via the placenta from mother to child

the ability of a pathogenic agent to produce disease

a microorganism with the ability to cause disease.

the process in which neutrophils or monocytes ingest and destroy microorganisms or other small particles

the act of preventing.

• pus colored drainage
• contains WBC's and bacteria

• pink-red colored clear drainage
• contains RBC's

drainage that has coagulated blood in it

drainage that has mucous in it

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• clear colored drainage
• similar to plasma

a specified area such as within a tray or towel that is considered to be free of microorganisms

the complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores

a secondary infection usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen

• sterile technique
• procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms including spores
• an object is considered contaminated if it is touched by an object that is not sterile

being vulnerable to disease or disorder

• pertains to affecting the whole system
• an infection that invades the entire body

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• normally present in the human intestine and the female genital tract
• can cause UTI's, blood stream infections and wound infections

a carrier, such as a tick or mosquito that transmits a disease

the power of a microorganism to produce disease

• Chain of infection:
• 1. a pathogen
• 2. a reservoir for growth
• 3. portal of exit from reservoir
• 4. a mode of transmission
• 5. portal of entrance to a host
• 6. a susceptible host

an infection will occur if the chain remains intact, nurses follow infection prevention and control practices to inhibit infection

• *inflammatory response is a protective vascular and cellular reaction that neutralizes pathogens and repairs body cells
• *inflammation is a protective vascular reaction that delivers fluids, blood products and nutrients to interstitial tissue in the area of the injury
• this process neutralizes and eliminates pathogens or dead tissue and establishes a means of repairing body cells and tissue
• *includes: vascular and cellular responses (arterial dilation); formation of inflammatory exudates (removal of "junk" via lymphatic drainage); tissue repair (damaged cells are eventually repaired)
• *may be triggered by: physical agents; chemical agents; microorganisms; mechanical trauma; temperature extremes; radiation
• signs of inflammation: Swelling; Heat; Altered function; Redness; Pain

• Signs of localized inflammation/infection: Swelling; Heat; Altered function; Redness; Pain
• Signs of systemic inflammation/infection: Fever; Leukocytosis; Malaise; Anorexia; Vomiting; Nausea; Lymphnode enlargement

• Primary:
• barriers against entry into the body like skin, mucous membranes;body fluids such as sebum, saliva, acidity of stomach secretions; normal flora; cilia, macrophages and the flushing flow of urine

• Secondary:
• inflammatory response; immune response

• Incubation period: the time from when the pathogen enters the body to the time when the first unspecific symptoms occur
• Prodromal stage: the time from the onset of the non-specific symptoms (malaise, low grade fever, fatigue) to specific symptoms ( this is the stage where the microorganisms grow and multiply, they are contagious)
• Illness stage: you have the signs and symptoms specific to the type of infection (a cold, sore throat, sinus congestion or high fever)
• Convalescence Stage: when acute symptoms disappear and the body starts getting better

• pt's susceptibility to infection: (family hx)
• age: (infants have fewer defenses and OA have impaired skin and respiratory integrity)
• nutritional status: (reduction in protein, carbs and other nutrients reduce defenses and impair wound healing)
• stress:
• heredity:
• disease process: ( AIDS, Leukemia...)
• medical therapies: (some drug and medical therapies compromise immunity to infection)

• -the use of invasive devices such as IV's, catheters and syringes
• -over use of broad spectrum antibiotics
• -poor aseptic technique or sterile technique
• -improper hand washing

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Cell Mediated Immunity: T-lymphocytes recognize an antigen via receptors and release lymphokines that attract macrophages and stimulate them to attack the antigen which in turn is killed (non-specific)

Humoral Immunity: the stimulation of B cells triggers this response, when it is stimulated it causes the synthesis of immunoglobulins or antibodies that destroy the antigen (specific)

Natural Immunity: results after having had a certain disease (varicella); it is usually life long

Acquired Immunity: comes from the receipt of a vaccine (tetanus or polio); the duration is variable and may require a booster

• Control or eliminate reservoirs: control or eliminate bodily fluids, drainage or contaminated solutions
• Control portals of exit: cover mouth and know when coughing or sneezing, use contact precautions
• Control of Transmission: client should use their personal items only, handwashing
• Control portals of entry: maintain skin and mucous membrane integrity, dispose of sharps
• Protect the susceptible host

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Dedicated articles are used for individuals with MRSA, C-diff, and VRE because they become colonized and must be sterilized before used by others

WBC: normal is 4.5-11 mm³; this value increases with acute infection and decrease in certain viral or overwhelming infections

• WBC w diff: when the WBC are broken down to show % of each type of WBC
• Neutrophils- 55-70% increased in acute infection, decreased in overwhelming bacterial infection
• Lymphocytes- 20-40% increased in chronic bacterial and viral infections, decreased in sepsis
• Monocytes- 5-10% increased in protozoan, rickettsial and TB infections
• Eosinophils- 1-4% increased in parasitic infections
• Basophils- 0.5-1.5% normal during infection

ESR: (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate) <15mm/hr for men; <20mm/hr for women; increased in the presence in infection

Iron Level: 60-90g/100ml; decreased in chronic infection

Cultures: urine, blood (sterile), sputum and drainage. the cultures are to detect the presence of infectious microorganism growth.

Tetanus-diptheria




hep B




Influenza




Pneumococcal




MMR




Varicella








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• Tier 1:
• Standard Precautions
• Tier 2:
• Contact Precautions: (transmitted by touch); private or cohort; gloves, gown and committed equipment.
• Droplet Precautions: (transmitted via the air > 5 micrometers); private; mask
• Airborne Precautions: (transmitted via the air < 5 micrometers); negative pressure private; N95 mask

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