Nutrition

  1. Define "marasmus" and "kwashiorkor"
    • marasmus: calorie malnutrition
    • kwashiorkor: protein malnutrition - importance of protein quality as well as quantity
  2. Severe malnutrition cases are a combination of marasmus & kwashiorkor and are characterized by:
    • failure to grow
    • behavioral changes
    • edema (kwashiorkor)
    • dermatitis
    • changes in hair
    • loss of appetite
    • liver enlargement
    • anemia
    • osteoporosis
  3. What are some dental complications of malnutrition?
    • increased caries
    • enamel hypoplasia
    • salivary gland hypofunction
    • delayed eruption
  4. Define primary and secondary disorders (nutritionally)
    • primary disorder: dietary deficiencies
    • secondary disorder: secondary manifestation of an underlying primary condition or disorder
  5. What is anemia? What's the "gold standard"? What's the "practical standard" and associated values?
    • -disorder of the hematopoietic system; the most common effect of nutritional deficiency. *any factor that decreases hematopoiesis can cause anemia*
    • - gold standard: low total body red cell mass
    • - practical standard: low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit
    • - Males Hb<14g/dl, Hct<41%
    • - Females Hb<12g/dl, Hct<36%
  6. What is the most important cause of anemia? What's the problem?
    • Iron deficiency
    • Problem: rate of dietary uptake is close to rate of loss
    • - 15 mg iron/day in the diet but only 4-7% is absorbed
    • men have 1 gm stored iron (liver, spleen, BM)
    • women have 0.5 gm stored iron
  7. List some important factors contributing to iron deficiency anemia:
    • dietary factors: availability of iron from different food sources and mixtures
    • malabsorption: 1/3 of pts with IBS have recurrent anemia & 30% or more who've had a partial gastrectomy will develop iron deficiency anemia
    • blood loss: menses, GI bleeding
    • Increased demand: pregnancy, lactation, growth in children
    • Congenital: attransferrinemia (transferrin used to transport iron in blood; this is secondary disease)
  8. What's the pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia?
    • Initially iron is metabolized from reticulo-endothelial stores and increased intestinal absorption occurs.
    • total iron stores are depleted and serum levels fall
    • In severe cases peripheral red blood cells become smaller (microcytic) and their hemoglobin content is reduced (hypochromic)
    • *Hypochromatic Microcytic Anemia: most commonly associated w iron deficiency
  9. Megaloblastic anemia def & associated deficiencies?
    • presence of abnormal WBCs (abnormal nuclei) as well as abnormal RBCs (larger cells: macrocytic).
    • In severe cases, megaloblasts (abnormal RBC precursors) may be present
    • - consequence of disordered DNA synthesis
    • Associated deficiencies:
    • - Folate (dietary deficiency; malabsorption - celiac disease, drugs - methotrexate, anticonvulsants, ethanol, etc, liver disease)
    • - Cobalamin (B12) - lack of intrinsic factor (PERNICIOUS ANEMIA), malabsorption, parasitic - fish tapeworms
    • B6 (pyridoxine) - alcoholism
  10. In addition to folate, B6, or B12 deficiencies, megaloblastic anemia is also associated w:
    • methotrexate
    • AZT
    • liver disease
    • ethanol (most common)
  11. What are 2 other types of anemias NOT associated w nutritional disease?
    • hemolytic anemia (decreased RBC lifespan)
    • aplastic anemia (failure of marrow to produce new cells)
  12. Describe the integrity of the oral mucosa
    • soft tissues of the oral cavity are made up of epithelial cells that have rapid rates of replication, metabolism, and differentiation which require a steady supply of nutrients
    • typically these cells turn over every 3-7 days
    • makes tissues of oral cavity a sensitive indicator of adequate nutritional status
  13. T/F: In developed countries, primary dietary vitamin deficiencies are common and are probably under diagnosed.
    False. In developed countries acute or primary vitamin deficiencies are rare and probably over diagnosed. Vitamin deficiencies are more commonly secondary disorders associated w malabsorption conditions and chronic alcoholism.
  14. Describe Vitamin A deficiency
    • Vit A: retinoids; fat soluble compounds derived from B-carotene
    • - deficiency causes night blindness due to decreased rhodopsin. Also skin lesions (rash on extremities w punctate erythematous lesions) & Bitot's spots on eye
    • also decreased resistance to infections
  15. Vit D deficiency
    • required for bone mineralization
    • Rickets- deficiency in children --> failure to mineralize osteoid matrix
    • Osteomalacia - deficiency in adults that results in decreased appositional bone growth
    • Increased incidence of colon and prostate ca
  16. Vit E deficiency
    • Tocopherols - act as anti-oxidants and decrease the peroxidation of fatty acids
    • Very rare
    • Occurs as secondary disorder in conditions w fat malabsorption (CF, pancreatitis, cholestasis (bile-flow obstruction))
    • causes neurological disorder characterized by sensory loss, spinocerebellar ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (due to free radical mediated neuronal damage)
    • mutations in gene encoding Vit E binding protein- tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) result in ataxia
  17. Vit K deficiency
    • Phylloquinone - required for production of clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
    • characterized by elevated clotting times (impaired coagulation), principally due to low prothrombin
    • *Normal platelet count, elevated prothrombin time (PT), elevated Partial thromboplasin time (PTT)
    • In adults occurs as 2ndary disorder (associated w use of anti-coagulants, liver disease, celiac disease, pancreatic disease, obstructive jaundice)
    • Vit K produced by normal intestinal bact
    • In newborns deficiency can occur b/c placental transfer is poor, breast milk low in Vit K, GI tract is nearly sterile
  18. Vit B1 deficiency
    • Thiamine
    • BERIBERI: "dry" - NS damage, "wet" - cardiomyopathy
    • peripheral neuropathy that affects sensation in legs (demylination of peripheral nerves)
    • in more severe cases of Korsakoff syndrome (impaired ocular motility, ataxia, mental confusion), edema and cardiomyopathy can occur
  19. Niacin deficiency
    • Nicotinamide, Vit B3
    • PELLAGRA- "rough skin"
    • Most commonly associated w alcoholism
    • Primary deficiencies associated w diets of a single, low quality protein source (ie corn)
    • In developed countries, associated w alcoholism
    • *3 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia -->
    • - hyperketosis & vesiculation of skin (skin on neck, chest, and back of hands become brown and scaly)
    • - nausea, vomitting, diarrhea
    • - insomnia, depression, confusion, and rapid mood change
  20. Cobalamin deficiency
    • Vit B12
    • widely distributed in foods & produced by intestinal bact, so deficiencies almost always secondary disorders associated w gastric atrophy (and decreased uptake via intrinsic factor), microbial proliferation (AIDS), long-term antacids, chronic alcoholism, idiopathic (age-related)
    • Primary clinical symptoms: pernicious anemia, polyneuropathy, sclerosis of spinal cord, atrophy of some mucous tissues (ie tongue papillae)
  21. Ascorbic acid deficiency
    • Vit C
    • SCURVY
    • required for maturation of collagen --> deficiency results in inability to produce mature collagen (CT disorder)
    • Inability to synthesize osteoid & dentin
    • decreased wound healing and loss of blood vessel wall integrity
    • fatigue, purpura, dermatitis --> in severe oral lesions
  22. Pyroxidine deficiency
    • Vit B6
    • associated w megaloblastic anemia
    • severe cases lead to peripheral neuropathy
    • primary deficiencies rare, but sub-clinical deficiencies may be more common
    • *most commonly associated w Multivitamin B deficiencies in malnutrition and alcoholism
  23. Name 4 elements that are required for life but dietary deficiencies do not develop
    • Na
    • K
    • Cl
    • Mg
  24. Iodine deficiencies
    • Hypothyroidism & goiter
    • essential for synthesis of thyroid hormones
  25. Calcium deficiency
    • required for bone mineralization
    • RDA for adults is 800 mg/day
    • doses above RDA in elderly delay bone loss
    • low dietary calcium associated w increased risk of periodontal disease
  26. List 3 trace elements with overt deficiency syndromes and respective clinical symptoms
    • Zinc - deficiency in total parenteral nutrition; can be secondary to acrodermatitis enteropathica (autosomal recessive trait). Characterized by alopecia, dermatitis, diarrhea
    • Copper - deficiency associated w severe malabsorption syndromes or total parenteral nutrition. Resembles iron deficiency anemia and osteoporosis
    • Fluoride - levels greater than 1 ppm can cause mottling of teeth; chronic fluorosis can produce abnormal calcification of tendons and ligaments
  27. What's the "RDA Dilemma"?
    • •Many adults in the US receive less than the RDA for a variety of vitamins and minerals but do not exhibit overt deficiency symptoms.
    • • Hundreds of retrospective studies have indicated some value for vitamin supplements, however.........
    • • Recent large prospective studies have so far not shown any health benefit for healthy individuals who take vitamin supplements.
  28. Name 3 vitamins and their associated symptoms/impacts that are due to HYPERvitaminosis.
    • Vit A: acute & chronic effects; intake 6-7x RDA can produce decreased bone growth, bone pain, liver damage (hepatotoxicity) & vision changes
    • Vit D: hypercalcemia; severe cases - cardiomyopathy & renal damage associated abnormal calcification
    • Vit E: daily doses +800 IU cause elevated serum lipids (hypertriglyceridemia) and depressed thyroxine (rare). *main effect: antagonize Vit K (increased bleeding times)
  29. What are some water soluble vitamins that may contribute to HYPERvitaminosis?
    • • Nicotinic acid - used in large doses to treat hypercholesterolemia; skin flushing, itching & skin rashes. Some altered liver function (requires hundreds of mgs)
    • • Thiamine - when injected, hypersensitivity reaction at site of injection
    • • Vitamin C - G.I. disturbances & skin rash (very rare); ppl w pre-existing cystinuria, oxalosis, or hyperuricemia can develop kidney stones
    • • Folic acid - may cause birth defects
    • • Pyridoxine - sensory neuropathy
  30. Data suggests 30-50% of all human cancers are related to nutritional factors. Which cancers appear to be related to dietary fat and/or obesity?
    • Colon
    • Endometrium
    • Breast
    • Ovary
    • Prostate
    • Kidney
    • ** there does NOT appear to be a clear and simple relationship between dietary fiber and colon cancer**
  31. What are some problems associated w determining the contribution of specific dietary constituents to a disease?
    • • Controls- epidemiologists have usually tried to associate exposure of a single variable compared with unexposed controls. However, in most nutritional studies there are no unexposed controls.
    • • Multiple variables- some nutrients are highly correlated (so- called co-correlates).
    • • Animal studies-
    • -rarely duplicate the nutritional status of humans
    • -are real physiological differences between species
    • -must compress what happens in years to weeks or
    • months
    • • Accurate reporting- human diets are complex and constantly changing. Most individuals cannot accurately recall meaningful details for any reasonable period of time – limits the usefulness of “controlled case studies”.
  32. What is the association with additives in food and human cancers?
    The only clear association between these substances and human cancer is the conversion of nitrates to nitrosamines (known carcinogens).
  33. T/F: 99.9% or more of the chemicals we eat are natural. A wide variety of natural substances are known mutagens or can cause cancer in rodent tests.
    True.
  34. Improperly stored grains and nutes can accumulate mold metabolites known as this.
    • Aflatoxins.
    • Aflatoxins are among the most potent carcinogens that have been tested. Peanut butter can contain an average of 2 ppb aflatoxin.
  35. High temps during cooking can convert natural metabolites into these, which are mutagenic.
    Heterocyclic amines (HCAs)
  36. Is there any evidence for a role of meat consumption in increasing cancer risk?
    Yes, especially of colon, rectum, and prostate, although mechanism is unclear (could be unrelated factors like SES as well)
  37. T/F: Incidence of stomach cancer in Japan is relatively low, while US rates are high and increasing.
    • False. • Incidence of stomach cancer in Japan is high while stomach cancer rates in US are low and declining (has decreased 4-fold since 1930).
    • • There is epidemiological evidence for a relationship between the intake of highly salted foods and stomach cancer
    • There appears to be a correlation between the decline in stomach cancer and decline in use of salt-pickling to preserve food.
  38. What types of cancers is there an association between alcohol consumption?
    • Aerodigestive cancers: (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx) & liver cancer
    • Weak association w breast ca, colorectal, and lung ca
  39. What are phytochemicals and which ones are being tested as chemopreventive agents?
    • plant derived foods (veggies, fruits, whole grains) that contain 1000s of chemically diverse phytochemicals
    • • Carotenoids – carotene, lycopene, lutein
    • • Terpenes – perillyl alcohol
    • • Indoles – indole-3-carbinol
    • • Soy isoflavones – genestein, daidzein
    • • Polyphenols – curcumin
    • • Organosulphur compounds – diallyl sulphide
  40. What is considered "obese" in men and women? How do you calculate a BMI?
    • • There is a statistical relationship between being overweight and decreased longevity.
    • • What is obesity? >/= 25% body fat in men, >/= 30% body fat in women
    • • Body Mass Index (BMI) Wt (kg)/ ht2 (m)
    • OR Wt in lbs x 0.454 / (ht in inches x 0.0253)^2
    • Values greater than 25-27 indicate increased health risk
    • Values of 30 or more are considered obese
    • Overestimates fatness in muscular or athletic people
    • Not a good index for adolescents or children
  41. What are some diseases associated w obesity?
    • • cardiovascular disease - leading cause of death in US
    • • type II diabetes (maturity-onset)
    • • cholelithiasis (gall bladder disease)
    • • cancer-specifictypes
    • • hypertension
    • • osteoarthritis
    • • thrombosis (abnormal clotting & obstruction of blood supply)
    • While anemia may be the most common nutritional disorder, obesity is the most serious (in U.S.).
  42. High serum cholesterol levels are clearly a risk factor in atherosclerosis. What values of TOTAL cholesterol are desirable, borderline, or high? LDL? HDL?
    • Total cholesterol
    • Less than 200 mg/dL ‘desirable' level that puts you at lower risk for heart disease. A cholesterol level of 200 mg/dL or greater increases your risk.
    • 200 to 239 mg/dL ‘borderline-high.'
    • 240 mg/dL and above ‘high' blood cholesterol. A person with this level has more than twice the risk of heart disease compared to someone whose cholesterol is below 200 mg/dL.
    • LDL cholesterol
    • Recommended goal is 100 mg/dL (new recommendation 70 mg/dL ?)
    • HDL cholesterol
    • Less than 40 mg/dL A major risk factor for heart disease
    • 40 to 59 mg/dL The higher your HDL, the better
    • 60 mg/dL and above is considered protective against heart disease.
  43. What's the relationship between alcohol and heart disease?
    • Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases.
    • The risk of heart disease in people who drink moderate amounts of alcohol (an average of one drink for women or two drinks for men per day) is 30-50% lower than in nondrinkers.
    • One drink is defined as 1-1/2 fluid ounces (fl oz) of 80-proof spirits (such as bourbon, Scotch, vodka, gin, etc.), 1 fl oz of 100-proof spirits, 4 fl oz of wine, or 12 fl oz of beer.
    • AHA does not recommended that nondrinkers start using alcohol or that drinkers increase the amount they drink.
  44. What's the relationship between carbs, sucrose, and disease?
    • - some evidence that carb diets are associated w increased risk of CV disease --> CALORIES are MOST IMPORTANT
    • - sucrose is important factor in growth of plaque forming microorganisms (dietary sucrose is directly related to incidence of caries but NOT to periodontal disease)
    • - "Halloween effect" --> controlled experiments haven't been able to demonstrate a direct effect between dietary sucrose and hyperactivity in children
  45. Are trans fats good or bad for you? What's their effect on LDL and HDL? What disease are they linked to?
    • Partially hydrogenated oils (trans fats or TFAs) are linked to coronary artery disease
    • they increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol levels (markers for CAD)
    • Little is known about the mechanism of TFA action
  46. What are some dietary supplements that may DECREASE the risk of heart disease?
    • Niacin: can decrease serum cholesterol and triglycerides, increase HDL and decrease LDL. Contra-indicated for ppl w abnormal liver fnctn or HBP. May experience skin flushing rxn
    • Omega-3 fatty acids: increase HDL cholesterol, decrease plasma triglycerides, reduce reactivity of platelets, monocytes, and neutrophils, reduce blood pressure, and have antiarrhythmic properties
  47. Is there a direct relationship between dietary sodium and HTN?
    • Yes! •There is a direct relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure but it isn’t as clear how much salt is required to produce a clinically significant increase. This relationship is more acute in renal dialysis patients.
    • Human requirement is 4 gms NaCl/day
    • In Japan, daily intake is >400 meq/day and CV disease is 2nd most common cause of death
  48. For whom is a low sodium diet risky?
    • Individuals who do not produce enough ADH (adrenal insufficiency) should not be on low sodium diets.
Author
LeahS
ID
69240
Card Set
Nutrition
Description
Nutrition - Path - Evans
Updated