Micro J210 Immunization

-Active and passive immunization

-Administration of antigens so patient actively mounts a protective immune response

-Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by immune individual or animal

-killed, live and subunit

-1796 by Edward Jenner

• - 1879 by Louis Pasteur
• -Antibody transfer developed when it was discovered vaccines protected through the action of antibodies

• -reduces the disease greatly
• -Manying developing nations do not received vaccines
• -effective vaccines not deveoped for some pathogens.
• -Vaccine-associated risks discourage investment in developing new vaccines

• -Use of pathogens with reduced virulence
• -Can result in mild infection (so never given in HIV patients)
• -Active micrboes stimulate a strong immune response
• -long term immunity
• -modified microbes may retain residual virulence to cause diseases
• -Examples: MMR, Polio (Sabin Vaccine), Chickenpox, shingles

• -Whole agent vaccines
• -Subunit Vaccines-safer than live
• -Antigenically weak because microbes dont provide many antigenic molecules to stimulate immune response
• -Contain adjuvants
• -Examples: Influenza, hep A, Polio (Salk) US, rabies

• -Chemicals added to inactivated vaccines to increase effectve antigenicity.
• -A helper makes vaccine to stimulate immune system

• Live: The 1st injection allows the viurs to multiply rapidly, prompting a full-scale immune response with antibody production and a t-cell response.
• Graph-High and stays high

• Pros: only need one injection
• cons: there is a small risk of developing the disease

• -A killed viruse cants multiply and the antibody response is limited. Two futher injections at later dates to ensure sufficient antibody production.
• Pros: There is no risk of illness
• Con: Three injections needed
• Graph: low then high after three

• -Subunit vaccines use only those parts of the microbe that stimulate the immune system antigens
• -By containing only what is needed for an immune response, but not all the parts of the microbe.
• -Tend to cause few adverse reactions
• -Hep B, diptheria, gential warts, cervical cancer, mengingococcal, pertussis, tetanus

• -Block the toxin
• -With some bacterial disease the problem is not the bacteria but the toxins they produce which poisons the cells-
• -Ex. diaptheria and tetanus
• -Contain inativated toxis, which stimulate antitoxin antibody productions
• -when infected the antibodies can block the toxins from getting into cells (denature it)
• -Require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants.

• -MMR, DTAP (combination vaccines)-simultaneous administraion of antigens from several pathogens.
• -Recombiniant vaccines (recombinant gene technology)- Reseach attempts to make vaccines more effective, cheaper, and safer. Variey of techniques improve vaccines

• -Mass-produce many vaccines by growing microbes in culture vessels
• -Viruses are cultured inside chicken eggs
• -Individuals with egg allergies must aviod some vaccines

• Hep B- birth to 16 months
• RV- 2-4 months
• DTAP- 2-16 months
• Hib- 2-16 months
• PCV- 2-15 months
• Flu- yearly at 4 months
• MMR- 1 year

• -Mild toxicity most common
• -Risk of anaphylactic shock
• -Residual virulence from attenuated viruses
• -Allegations certain caccines cause autism, diabetes, and asthma (research has not substantiated these allegations)

• -Administration of antiserum containing preformed antibodies
• -provides immediate protection against a recent infection or an ongoing disease

• -Contain antibodies against many antigents
• -Can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness
• -viral pathogens may contaminate antisera
• -Antibodies degrade quickly

• -Occurs due to cross-linking of antidoies with particualte antigens
• -The clumpingof insoluble partices
• -Preceiptiation involves the aggregation of soluble molecules
• -Reactions are easy to see and interpret with the unadied eye

• -Used to determine blood types
• -Agglutination of RBC

-Last level we see aggluation at

• -Viral hemagglutination inhibition test
• -Useful for viruses that aren't cytopathic
• -ability of viral surface proteins to clump to RBC
• -Individuals seum will stop viral hemagglutination if teh serum contains antibodies against the specific virus.
• -Used to detect: Flu, measles, and mumps.

-The antibody concentration

• -Use antibody molecules linked to some "label" that enables them to be easily detected
• -Use to dected either anigens or antibodies
• -Like a lock and key, by covalent bond

• -Another labeled antibody test
• -Use fluoescent dyes as labels to tag the antibody
• -Fluroescein is one dye
• -Have antigen on the surface

• -another labeled antibody test
• -Enzyme-linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
• -Uses enzyme as label
• -Reaction of enzyme with its substrate produces a colored produce indicating a positive test.
• -Presense of antibodies in serum with HIV
• -Dark purple color, positive response

Antigen is blocked and then is bound by an antibody, then added a 2nd antibody then an enzyme to see if colorful.

• -Immunochromatography
• -Very rapid and easy to read ELISA Stick
• -Antigen solution flows through a porous strip, where it encounters labeled antibody
• -Visible line produced when antigen-antibody immune complexes encounter antibody against them
• -used in prgenancy testing