Micro J210 Exam 2

Yes, the physiological proccesses of humans are incompatible with those pathogens. The correct chemical receptors are not present on human cells.

• Bacteria, parasites, fungi
• -Pneumonia, Tetanus, sleeping sickness

• Bacteria, parasites
• (TB, Malaria, Leprosy, Leishmaniasis)
• -Viruses (smallpox, flu, chickenpox)

-Ascariasis, schistosomiasis

Innate/natural immunity

Rapid response (hours), Fixed, limited number of specificities, and constant during a response

_adaptive immunity

Slow response, variable, numerous hlighly selective specificities, and improve during response (memory)

Structures, chemicals, and processes that work to prevent pathogens from entering the body: Skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

• -epidermis: mulitple layers of tightly packed cells, few pathogens can penetrate these layers, shedding of dead skin cells removes microogranisms, epidermal dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens
• -dermis: collagen fibers help skin resist abrasions taht could introduce microorganisms.

• -Chemicals that defend against pathogens
• -Perspiration by sweat glands-salt inhibits growth of pathogens
• -Animicrobial peptides act against microorganims
• -Sebum by sebaceous glands help keep the skin pliable and less likely to break/tear, lowers skin ph to a levl inhibitory to may bacteria

-Line all body cavities

• -Epithelium: Line, outer covering of membranes, living cells, tightly packed to prevent entry of pathogens, shedding of cells carry away pathogens
• -deep connective layer: supports epitelium

• -Produces and drains tears
• -Blinking spreads tears and washes surface of eye
• -Lysozyme in tears destroys Gram (+) bacteria

• Normal microbiota compete with potentioal pathogens- microbial antagonism
• -They make it hard for pathogens by consuming nutrients, create an unfavorable enviroment, stimulate body's 2nd line of defense, and provide vitamins

• -Antimicrobial peptides: present in skin, mucous membranes, neutrophils, act against a variety of microbes
• -Inducing holes in bacteria membrane and intracellular killing
• -Other processes and chemicals: many organs secrete chemicals with antimicrobial properties

• -Operates when pathogens penetrate the skin or mucous membranes
• -composed of cells, antimcrobial chemicals

• -Phagocyic cells (blood and tissue, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
• -Nonspecific chemical defenses against pathogens
• 1. complement proteins (serum)
• 2. Antimicrobial peptides (all body secretions)-act against pathogen
• 3. Interferons-increase resistance of cells to viral infection
• Inflammation-increase capillary permeability and blood flow to allow WBC to move
• Fever- (Local or systemic)- Mobilizes defense, inhibits pathogens.

• -Plasma (46-63%): mostly water, electroyltes, gases, nutrients, and proteins
• -Serum: remaining when clotting factors are removed:Complement proteins, antiboides, iron-binding compounds.

• -Cells and cell fragments in the plasma.
• 1. RBC (erythrocytes) Carrying O2 and CO2 (99% of formed elements)
• 2. Platelets: involved in blood clotting
• 3. WBC (leukocytes): Defding the body against invaders, divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

-Refers to the formation and development of the cells in the bood.

A communciation between the cells

-Stem cell, then common myeloid stem cell, common lymphoid (makes lymocytes) and erythroid (makes RBC).

• -Stain blue with basic dye methylene blue
• -granulocytes

• -Stain red/orange with acidic dye eosin
• -Granulocytes
• -Phagocytize and capable of diapedesis (chemotaxis)

• -Granulocytes
• -Stain liliac with mix of acidic and basic dyes
• -Phagocytize pathogens, capable of chemotaxis

• -Most invovled in adaptive immunity
• -Agranulocytes

• -Leave the blood and mature into macrophages
• -agranulocytes
• -house-shoe shape

-allergies or parasitic worm infection

-bacterial disease

-lymphocytes

• -Cells that can do this are called phagocytes
• six stages:
• 1. Chemotaxis
• 2. Adherence
• 3. Ingestion (in phagosome)
• 4. Fusion with lysosome
• 5. Killing
• 6. Elmination

• -A molecule that promotes phagocytosis by binding to the surgace of a microbe.
• -Complement: Helps the cell adhere better to the pathogen so it can eat it up -Inactive protein, until stimulated by pathogen
• -c3b

• -Attack parasitic helminths (worms) by attaching to their surface
• -secrete toxins that weaken or kill

-An elevated amt of eosinophils, seen with ahelminth infestation. (in periperal)

• -Always there, not adaptive
• -Secrete toxins on surface of virally infected cells and tumors
• -Differentiate normal body cells because they have membrane proteins similar to NK cells
• -Anti-tumor

• -Proteins in cell membranes taht recognize pathogens
• -Integral membrane proteins produced by pahagocytic cells
• -Bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
• -Initiate defensive responses
• -Apoptosis (program cell death), secretion of inflammatory mediators, production of stimulatns of adaptive immune respone

• Protein molecultes released by hose cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections.
• -Causes many symptoms with viral infections.
• -Type 1 and 2

• -non-immune interferon
• -Alpha and beta
• -Any cell

• -Immune-interferon
• -Gamma
• -Only immune cells- leukocytes

• -epithelium, leukocytes
• -inducing agent: virsues
• Action: Stimulates production of aniviral proteins
• -Aka Leukocyte-IFN

• -Fibroblasts (CT)
• -Inducing agent: virus
• -Action: stimulats production of antiviral proteins
• aka: fibroblast-IFN

-Interferons are released goes to neighboring cells and stops the RNA/protein of the cell because a virus cannot infect a "sick cell", then it breaks up the virus RNA

• -Set of serum proteins designated numerically according to their order of discover. 1-9 (Does not mean they happen in this order)
• -Activation results in lysis of the foreign cell
• -can be activated in three ways: classical, alternate, lectin

-Activated by antibody molecues coating the microbes (Adaptive)

-Activated by surface components of microbes directly

-membrane attack complexes- hole in cell

-The rest will follow and end result is MAC Attack

an opsonin for phagocytosis. A split product of c3, which can bind to cell membranes and then an opsonin for neutrophils and macrophages

-Antigen and antibody with proteins from immunoglobins (1, 2,4), then activation (this is the complement) by C3 splitting into c3a and c3b for opsonization and inflammation. Then C5 splits into c5a and c5b for inflammation and it is followed by MAC Attack

c3b the opsinon is on the cell, then activation (this is the complement) by C3 splitting into c3a and c3b for opsonization and inflammation. Then C5 splits into c5a and c5b for inflammation and it is followed by MAC Attack.

• -Anaphylatoxins (allergies)
• -Smooth muscle contraction, histamine realease from mast cells, enhanced vascular permeability (vasodilation) for inflammation.

-A chemotactic agent for neutrophils (PMN) and macrophages. It signals for help-need vasodilation

MAC attack: induces holes in membrane of pathogen

• -Body's own cels withstand complement cascade (inhibitors)
• -Proteins on many cells bind and break down activated complement proteins

• -Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various caues
• -Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function
• -local or systemic
• two types: Acute and chronic

• -develops quickly and is short lived
• -Typically beneficial
• -2nd line of defense
• 1. Vascular events
• 2. Cellular events
• 3. Tissue Repair

• -Leading to dilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels
• -prostaglandins and leukotrienes (produced by damaged cell)
• -Histamine (mast cells and blood basophil release)
• -Anaphylotoxins (c3a, c5a complement)

• -leading to the migration of phagocytes to the site of injury is mediated by:
• Release of chemotacitc factors
• -c5a: complement cascade
• -interleukin (il-8): released by macrophages
• -c3b
• -antibody IgG is an opsonin

-c3b and c5a fragments of complement cause mast cells realse inflammatory mediators cause vasodiatation of capillaries

• - Body temp over 37 C
• -Results when pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body's core temp
• Various types of pyrogens: Bacterial toxins, cytoplasmic contents of bacteria by lysis, antibody-antien complexes: signal for interluekin by macrophages.
• -pathogens do not like higher heat.
• -heat makes cells more aware