-
What is the master control of the ANS?
hypothalamus
-
fx frontal lobe
- emotional control
- personality
- motor fx
- memory
- problem solving
- reasoning
- planning
-
fx parietal lobe
- primary somatosensory cortex (proproception, tactile)
- comprehension
- spatial orientation
-
fx temporal lobe
- hearing
- comprehension
- learning
- memory
-
-
fx insula
- emotions
- regulate homeostasis
- interoceptive awareness (visceral awareness)
-
fx cerebellum
smooth movement
-
components of the limbic system
- thalamus
- cingulate gyrus
- hippocampus
- fornix
- parahippocampal gyrus
- amygdala
-
fx thalamus
- sensory (except olfaction)
- sensory relay/ integration
- motor loops
-
fx cingulate gyrus
- emotion
- learning
- memory
- resp control
-
fx hippocampus
- learning
- long term memory
- spatial navigation
-
fx fornix
efferent fibers from hippocampus to hypothalamus & septal nuclei (pleasure)
-
fx parahippocampal gyrus
- gray matter around hippocampus
- encodes and retrieves memory
-
fx amygdala
impulses to hypothalamus to activate SNS (flight or fight)
-
parts of brainstem
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata
-
fx midbrain
- vision
- audition
- eye movement
- control body movement
- CN3
-
fx pons
- relay between forebrain & cerebellum
- swallowing
- urination
- tearing
- CN 5,6,7,8
-
fx medulla oblongata
- ANS
- (cardio, resp, vomiting, vasomotor)
-
CN 1 (name, foramen, fx)
- olfactory n
- cribiform plate
- smell
-
-
CN3 (name, foramen, fx)
- oculomotor n
- superior orbital fissure (SOF)
- extra ocular muscle motor fx
- motor fx of levator palpebrae
- pupillary constriction
-
CN4 (name, foramen, fx)
- trochlear n
- superior orbital fissure
-
CN5 (name, foramen, fx)
- trigeminal n
- V1 superior orbital foramen
- V2 foramen rotundum (maxillary)
- V3 foramen ovale (mandibular)
- sensation of face, scalp, dura, sinus, teeth, tympanic membrane, eye
- motor for muscles of mastication
-
CN6 (name, foramen, fx)
- abducens n
- superior orbital fissure
-
CN7 (name, foramen, fx)
- facial n
- stylomastoid foramen
- skin sensation of the ear, tympanic membrane
- taste
- motor fx of facial expression muscles, stapedius, caudal digastric muscles
- lacrimation, salivation, nasal mucous membrane
-
CN8 (name, foramen, fx)
- vestibulocochlear n
- no foramen
- balance
- hearing
-
CN9 (name, foramen, fx)
- glossopharyngeal n
- jugular foramen
- sensation of caudal tongue, pinna, tympanic membrane
- sesation by carotid body and sinus
- taste
- motor fx of stylopharyngeus m
- parotid gland fx
-
CN10 (name, foramen, fx)
- vagus n
- jugular foramen
- sensation to pinna, external acostic meatus, tympanic membrance and pharynx
- sensation to larynx, trachea, esophagus, viscera, aortic stretch and chemo- recpetors
- taste
- muscles of the pharynx, tongue, larynx
-
CN11 (name, foramen, fx)
- spinal accessory n
- jugular foramen
- turns head and lifts shoulders
-
CN12 (name, foramen, fx)
- hypoglossal n
- hypoglossal foramen
- muscles of tongue
-
n exiting supraorbital foramen & associated point
-
n exiting infraorbital foramen & associated point
-
point associated with stylomastoid foramen
TH-17
-
n innervating supraspinatus & infraspinatus
spinal n segment
motor fx of m
- suprascapular n
- C (5) 6 7
- shoulder movement
- lateral stabilization of shoulder
-
n innervating subscapularis
spinal n segment
-
n innervating biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis
spinal n segment
motor fx of m
- musculocutaneous n
- C6 7 8
- elbow flexion
-
innervation deltoideus, teres major, teres minor
spinal n segemnt
motor fx of m
- axillary n
- C (6) 7 8
- shoulder movement
-
innervation of triceps brachii, ECR, ulnaris lateralis, CDE, LDE
spinal n segment
motor fx of m
- radial n
- C 7 8 T 1 (2)
- extensors of antebrachium
-
innervation of flexor carpi radialis, SDF, (DDF)
spinal n segment
motor fx of m
- median n
- C8 T1 (2)
- flexors of the antebrachium
-
innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris, DDF
spinal n segment
motor fx of m
- ulnar n
- C8 T1 (2)
- flexors of antebrachium
-
innervation of ilopsoas, quadriceps, sartorius
spinal n segment
motor fx
- femoral n
- L 4 5 6
- hip flexion
-
innervation of external obturator, pectineus, gracilus, adductor
spinal n segment
motor fx
- obturator n
- L (4) 5 6
- adduction
-
innervation of middle & deep gluteal, tensor fascia lata
spinal n segment
-
innervation of superficial gluteal (middle gluteal)
spinal n segment
- caudal gluteal n
- L7 S (1 2)
-
innervation of biceps femoris, semimem, semitend
spinal n segment
-
major branches of sciatic
-
innervation of peroneus longus, LatDE, LDE, cranial tibial
motor fx
- common peroneal n
- extensors of hind limb
-
innervation of gastrocnemius, popliteus, SDF, DDF
motor fx
- tibial n
- flexors of hind limb
-
innervation of sphincters
spinal n segment
-
ex of opioid peptides
- beta endorphin
- met enkephalin
- endomorphin
- enkephalin
- dynorphin
-
where is beta endorphin found
fx
- hypothalamus, pituitary gland
- sense of well being
-
where is met enkephalin found
fx
- dorsal horn of spinal cord
- analgesia
-
where is endomorphin, enkephalin found
fx
- periaquiductal grey, nucleus tractus solitarius
- responses to pain, stress
- fx of reward
- limbic homeostasis
-
where is dynorphin found
fx
- widely distributed
- modulation of pain response
-
types of seratonin
where found
fx
- 5ht1, 5ht3 found in mucleus raphe magnus fx in descending pain inhibitory pathways
- 5ht2 found in cortex & hippocampus fx is excitatory
-
where is norepinephrine found
fx
- periaquiductal grey, brainstem
- descending inhibition of pain
-
where are alpha 2 adrenoceptors found
fx
- found in CNS
- inhibitory modulation of pain sensation in the dorsal horn of spinal cord
-
where is dopamine found
fx
- hypothalamus, midbrain
- movement, motivation, memory, mood
-
where is gamma aminobutyris acid found
fx
- widely distributed
- inhibitory NT
-
where is glutamate found
fx
- widely distributed
- excitatory NT
-
where is calcitonin gene related peptide found
fx
- peripheral & CNS
- vasodilator influence on endothelial cells
-
where is vasoactive intestinal peptide found
fx
- gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, hypothalamus
- vasodilatory regulation of smooth muscle
-
where is N methyl D aspartate receptors found
fx
- CNS
- sympathetic plasticity
- learning
- memory
-
where is nitric oxide found
fx
- widely distrbuted
- signalling molecule (vasodilitory)
-
what are the main inhibitory NT
GABA, glycine
-
what is the main excitiatory NT
glutamate
-
what is the effect of acupuncture on pro-inflammatory cytokines
decrease
-
what is the effect of acupuncture on anti-inflammatory cytokines
increase
-
where is adenosine found
fx
-
where is arginine vasopressin found
fx
- hypothalamus, amygdala
- anti-nocipective
-
where is neuropeptide y found
fx
- amygdala
- counteracts cascade of flight or fight
-
where is corticotrophin releasing factor found
fx
- amygdala
- initiates biologic response of flight or fight
-
where is nerve growth factor found
fx
- CNS, peripheral NS
- nerve repair, psychneuroimmunologic fx
- SNS neuromodulation
-
where is brain derived neurotrophic factor found
fx
- retina, CNS
- promote self repair of damaged neurons in the brain, stem cell mobiliation
-
mechanism of laser light therapy
- laser interacts with chromophores (cytochrome c oxidase)
- initiates cellular responses such as increase ATP synthesis, RNA and protein synthesis, and oxygen consumption
-
what inhibits the function of the cellular respiratory chain?
end result
nitric oxide displaces oxygen inducing or worsening hypoxic state
-
tissues affect by laser light therapy
- almost all including
- blood, epithelium, joint, muscle, bone, neuron, connective tissue
-
benefits of laser light therapy
- analgesia
- decreased edema
- anti-inflammatory
- tissue healing/ regeneration
-
main n LU
use
- radial n
- extensor m injury
- radial n injury
-
main n LI
use
- radial n
- extensor muscle dysfunction
- radial n injury
- facial pain
-
main n ST
use
- femoral n
- peroneal n
- CN 5 7
- musculoskeletal pain, pain & motor dysfunction in face
-
main n SP
use
- tibial n
- musculoskeletal pain
- voiding dysfunction
- tibial n injury
- rear limb edema
-
main n HT
use
- ulnar n
- thoracic limb dysfunction
- cardiac problems
-
main n SI
use
- ulnar n
- CN 5 7
- musculoskeletal problems, inc TMJ
-
main n BL
- CN5
- spinal n branches
- sciatic (with tibial, peroneal)
-
main n KI
use
- tibial n
- tibial n dysfunction
-
main n PC
use
- median n
- nucleus tractus solitarius, rostral ventrolateral medulla
- anti-emetic, thoracic limb dysfunction, homeostasis
-
pain n TH
use
- radial n, ulnar n
- CN 5 7
- musculoskeletal pain
- facial n dysfunction
- TMJ
- ear dysfunction
-
main n GB
use
- CN 5 7
- spinal n
- peroneal n
- eye dysfunction
- hip pain
- pelvic limb dysfunction
-
main n LR
use
- tibial n
- saphenous n
- pelvic limb dysfunction
-
main n GV
use
- dorsal spinal branches
- cardiopulmonary collapse
-
main n CV
use
- ventral spinal branches
- somatoviceral problems
-
2 important medullary reflex centers
- nucleus tractus solitarius
- rostral ventrolatera medulla
-
cun between cyphisternal synchondrosis and umbilicus
8
-
cun between umbilicus and cranial border of pubic symphasis
5
-
cun between stifle joint and tarsus, laterally
16
-
cun between medial tibial condyle and proximal border of medial malleolus
13
-
cun between elbow joint and carpus
12
-
define horse cun
width of 17th rib or width of 2 practioner fingers
-
ting points fore limb
- from caudolateral to caudomedial
- HT9 (caudolateral)
- SI1 (craniolateral)
- TH23 (dorsal midline)
- LI1 (craniomedial)
- LU11 (caudomedial)
- PC9 (palmar midline)
- "(H)orses (S)hould (T)rot (L)eaving (L)umpy (P)oops
-
ting points hind limb
- from caudolateral to caudomedial
- BL67 (caudolateral)
- GB44 (craniolateral)
- ST45 (dorsal midline)
- LR1 (craniomedial)
- SP1 (caudomedial)
- KI1 (plantar midline)
- (B)ig (G)ood (S)tuds (L)ive (S)ervicing (K)entucky
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