Volume 4 Chapter 8

Connective tissue sheet covering the superior aspect of the cranium

Vaultlike portion of the skull encasing the brain

Pseudojoints that join the various bones of the skull to form the cranium

Pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrocpinal fluid

Three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. They are the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater

Tough layer of the meninges firmly attached to the interior of the skull and interior of the spinal column

Inner and most delicate layer of the meninges. Covers the convolutions of the brain and spinal cord.

Middle layer of the meninges

Fluid surrounding and bathing the brain and spinal cord.

Largest part of the brain. Consists of two hemispheres seperated by a deep longitudinal fissure. It is the seat of conciousness and the center of the higher mental functions such as memory, learning, reasoning, judgment, intelligence and emotions.

Portion of the brain located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblangata. It plays an important role in the fine controls of voluntary muscular movements

The part of the brain connecting the central hemispheres with the spinal cord. Comprised of the medulla, oblangata, pons and midbrain.

Portion of the brain connecting the pons and cerebellum within the cerebral hemispheres

Portion of the brain important for controlling certain metabolic activities, including temperature regulation

Switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain

A series of nervous tissues keeping the human system in a state of conciousness

Process of tissue responsible for the communication interchange between the cerebellum, cerebrum, midbrain and spinal cord

Lower portion of the brainstem containing respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centers

Pressure moving blood through the brain. CPP=MAP-ICP

Process that controls blood flow to brain tissue by causing alterations in blood pressure

Intracranial volume = Brain volume + CSF volume + blood volume + Mass/lesion volume

Olfactory - sense of smell

Optic- image from retina to brain

Oculomotor- controls four of 6 occular muscles. most eye motion and eyelid motion

Trochlear - results in coordinated gaze

Trigeminal - innervates and receives sensation from mouth. controls muscles of chewing

Abducens - Responsible for downward eye motion

Facial - facial expression and sensation of anterior tongue

Acoustic - innervates cochlea and vestibule of ear and hearing. Positional sense, motion sensation and balance

Glossopharyngeal - posterior tongue, pharynx, swallowing. baro and chemo receptors

Vagus - Major nerve of parasympathetic system that monitors and controls the heart, respiration, and much of abdominal viscera

Spinal Accessory - Major muscles of neck, some swallowing, vocal cords

Hypoglossal - Voluntary muscle control over tongue

Cheek bone

Upper part of jaw

Jawbone

Openings of nostrils

Outer, visible portion of ear

Three rings of inner ear. Sense motion of head and provide positional sense for body

Eye socket

Clear, watery fluid filling posterior chamber of eye. Responsible for giving eye spherical shape

Light and color sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye

Clear fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye

Pigmented portion of the eye. Muscular are that contricts of dilates to change pupil size

Dark opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye

White of the eye

Thing, delicate layer covering the pupil and iris

Mucous membrane the that lines the eyelids

Liquid that lubricates the eye

Blow disrupts blood vessels resulting in accumulation of blood under the skin

Blod may tear fascial layers under the scalp and result in a depression with our without skull fracture

Blood can fill the space normally occupied by tissue

Blood may fill the area vacated by a depressed skull fracture

Black and blue discoloration over the mastoid process (just behind the ear) that is characteristic of a basilar skull fracture. AKA battle's sign

Black and blue discoloration of the area surrounding the eyes.Usually associated with basilar skull fracture. AKA raccoon eyes

An injury to the brain occuring on the same side as impact

Injury to the brain occuring on the opposite side of injury.

• -Focal
• Cerebral contusion
• Intracranial hemorrhage
• Epidural hematoma
• Subdural hematoma
• Intracerebral hemorrhage

• -Diffuse
• Concussion (mild to moderate diffuse axonal injury)
• Moderate diffuse axonal injury
• Severe diffuse axonal injury (brainstem injury)

Collection of blood directly beneath the dura mater

Accumulation of blood between the dura mater and the cranium

Bleeding directly into the tissue of brain

Type of brain injury characterized by shearing, stretching or tearing of nerve fibers with subsequent axonal damage

Transient period of unconciousness. In most cases unconciousness followed by complete return of function

Concussion with minute bruising of brain tissue. Possible confusion, amnesia, disorientation after unconscious period

Significant disruption of axons in both hemispheres and brainstem. Most patients do not survive or have severe deficits. Unresponsive for long periods and may display signs of increased ICP.

• AMS
• Altered level of orientation
• Alterations in personality
• Amnesia (retrograde or anterograde)
• Cushing's triad (increased BP, slow pulse, irregular respirations)
• Vomiting (with or without nausea)
• Body temperature changes
• Changes in reactivity of pupils
• Decorticate or decerebrate posturing

Inability to remember events that occurred before the trauma

Inability to remember events that occur after the trauma

Response due to ischemia that causes an increase in systemic BP which mainains cerebral perfusion during increased intracranial pressure

Respiratory pattern of alternating periods of apnea and tachypnea

Increased BP, slow pulse, irregular respirations in response to increased ICP

Scoring system for monitoring patients with head injuries

Classification system for fractures involving maxilla

I. Slight instability to maxilla, no displacement

II. Fracture of both maxilla and nasal bones

III. Fracture involving entire face below brow ridge (zygoma, nasal bone, maxilla)

Double vision

Blood in anterior chamber of the eye in front of iris

A nontraumatic occulusion of the retinal artery resulting in a sudden painless loss of vision in one eye

Condition that may be traumatic in origin and presents with patient complaint of dark curtain obstructing a portion of the field of view

Response of both eyes to changes in light intensity that only affect on eye

Involuntary contractions of twitching of muscle fibers