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Features
- A) Cell Wall
- B) Many Celled
- C) Immobile
- D) Eukaryotic
- E) Have Chlorophyll/Chloroplasts
- F) Have a Cuticle
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Cell Wall
- F*protects and supports
- *made up of cellulose
- -is an organic compound (Carbon>sugars)
- -is a carbohydrate ("Fiber Food")
- -people cannot digest it
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Many Celled
- *allows cell to develop tissues, etc.
- -plants considered complex organisms
- *algaes>simple>only cells>protists
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Have Chlorophyll/Chloroplasts
*can make own food...do photosynthesis
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Have a Cuticle
- *waxy, protective coat
- *mostly found on top side of leaves
- F* prevents or slows down water loss
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Plant Groups
- A) Non-Vascular Plants
- B) Vascular Plants
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Non-Vascular Plants
- *do not have tubes (tissue) inside plant
- *no "true" roots, stems, or leaves
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Vascular Plants
- *have tubes (tissue) inside plant
- *has "true" roots, stems, and leaves
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Plant History/Origin
- *are about 300,000 different plant species
- *scientific evidence that plants originated from algal protists
- *oldest plant fossil--420 m.y.a.
- *oldest cone-bearing fossil (pine trees)--350 m.y.a.
- *oldest flowering plant fossil--120 m.y.a.
- *not very much fossil evidence from plants because of decay
- *plant kingdoms have divisions (replaces phylum)
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Plant Classification
- A) Bryophytes
- B) Seedless Vascular Plants
- C) Seed Plants
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Bryophytes
- *are simplest plant division
- why?*are non-vascular
- *live in shady, damp areas
- *have rhizoids
- -root-like structures
- F-anchor plants and absorb water
- *reproduce using spores
- *excellent pioneer species
- -first to grow in a new or disturbed area
- *limited in size due to being non-vascular
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Bryophyte Examples
- A) Moss
- B) Liverwort
- C) Hornwort
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Moss
*resemble tiny pine trees
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Liverwort
- *flat leaf-like bodies
- *"herb for liver"
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Hornwort
- *only one chloroplast per cell
- *small in size
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Seedless Vascular Plants
- *reproduces using spores
- *have vascular tissue
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4 Types of Seedless Vascular Plants
- 1) Ground Pines
- 2) Horsetails
- 3) Spike Moss
- 4) Ferns
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Ground Pines
- *live in arctic to tropic areas
- *endangered in some areas (wreaths)
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Horsetails
- *hollow center
- *have silica (sand)
- *very gritty
- *used for sharpening and scouring pads
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Spike Moss
- *live in desert (resurrection plant)
- *recycles water
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Ferns
- *largest group of seedless vascular plants
- *have become present day coal
- -formed from bogs/swamps
- --allowed for slow decay into coal
- *have rhizome - underground stems
- *have fronds - fern leaves
- *have sori - spore producing
- -found on underside of leaf
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Importance/Use of Seedless Plants
- 1) House Plants
- 2) Peat
- 3) Pioneer Species
- 4) Food Source
- 5) Folk Lore Medicines
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Peat
- *low grade coal
- *very wet and dirty
- *not much carbon (50%)
- *future coal??
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Seed Plants
- *an embryo with stored food
- -a young plant
- *the reproductive part of seed plants
- *surrounded by a seed coat
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2 Major Groups of Seed Plants
- A) Gymnosperms
- B) Angiosperms
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Gymnosperms
- *seed plants with exposed seeds
- *means "naked seed"
- *there is no fruit or other covering around the seed
- *leaves are mostly needles or flat scales
- *cone - the reproductive part of gymnosperms that produces seeds
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2 Main Uses of Gymnosperms
- 1) Big lumber supply
- 2) Makes soaps, paints, varnish from resin
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4 Divisions of Gymnosperms
- 1) Conifers
- 2) Ginkgoes
- 3) Cycads
- 4) Gnetophytes
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Conifers
- *largest division
- *ex: fir, spruce, cedar, pine
- *known as "evergreens"
- *keeps their needles year round
- *has cuticle - waxy coating
- F-prevents water loss and energy loss
- *allows gymnosperms to grow better in cooler climates
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Ginkgoes
- *flat shaped leaves that fall off in the fall
- *produce berry-like cones
- *highly resistant to smog so they grow in inner cities
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Cycads
*resemble palm trees, but produce cones
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Gnetophytes
*desert growing
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Angiosperms
- *seed plants with seeds covered by fruit
- *reproductive organ is the flower
- *have cotyledons
- -divides angiosperms into 2 groups
- -is a seed leaf with stored food
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Monocots
- *leaves have parallel veins
- *xylem and phloem are scattered in stem
- *flower parts/petals in groups/multiples of 3
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Dicots
- *leaves have branched veins
- *xylem and phloem are in rings in stem
- *flower parts are in groups of 4 or 5/multiples of 4 or 5
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Roots
- *have more length than all of the above ground parts
- F*anchor
- F*absorb water/minerals
- *some contain stored food>carrot
- *some carry out photosynthesis
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3 Parts to a Root
- A) Root Cap
- B) Root Tip
- C) Root Hair
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Root Hair
- *absorbs water
- *increases surface area
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2 Types of Roots
- 1) Tap Root
- 2) Fibrous Root
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Tap Root
- *one main root
- *ex: carrot
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Fibrous Root
- *many branched roots
- *corn
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Stems
- F*support flowers/leaves
- F*allows movement of food/water because it contains vascular tissue
- *helps carry out photosynthesis
- *some contain stored food>potatoes (tuber)/onions (bulb)
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3 Main Types of Vascular Tissue
- 1) Xylem
- 2) Phloem
- 3) Cambium
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Xylem
- *moves water
- *movement from roots to leaves
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Phloem
- *moves food
- *movement is from leaves/stem to all other parts of plant to use/store
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Cambium
*makes new xylem (inside)/phloem (outside)
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Herbaceous Stems
- *green, soft, flexible
- *ex: corn, tulip, dandelion
- *usually annual (one growing period)
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Woody Stems
- *brown, hard, rigid
- *ex: oak, birch
- *usually perennial (more than one growing period)
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Leaves
F*photosynthesis>food making process
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Leaf Structure
- 1) Epidermis
- 2) Stomates
- 3) Guard Cells
- 4) Palisade Layer
- 5) Spongy Layer
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Epidermis
- *protective top/bottom layer
- *top side has cuticle
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Stomates
- *pores on lower epidermis
- F*allows materials to enter (energy, carbon dioxide)/ leave (oxygen, water) a leaf
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Guard Cells
- *surround stomates
- F*control opening and closing of stomates
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Palisade Layer
*contains chloroplasts/chlorophyll
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Spongy Layer
*contains xylem/phloem (vascular tissue)
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Ethnobotanist
*studies relationships between people's culture and plants
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