Micro Ch 10,11,12

Taxonomy = the science of classification

Phylogeny = the evolutionary history of an organism

Ontogeny = the study of the anatomic development of an individual

Clone - a population of cells derived froma single parent cell - all cells in the clone are identical

Strain - genetically different cell populations withing a species - strains with different Ags are called serotypes

• 1. Bacteria - Prokaryotic
• 2. Archaea - Prokaryotic
• 3. Eukaryotes

• Kingdons:
• 1. Plant
• 2. Animal
• 3. Fungi
• 4. Protists

Serology - the study of blood serum (plasma - fibringoens) and immune responses that are evident in the serum.

• Serologic testing for bacteria is used to differentiate bacterial species and strains
• - serologic testing can also be used to diagnose bacterial infections in hosts - the unknown Abs will react with the known Abs = diagnosis

Known antiserum (serum that has been exposed to known bacteria and has Ab for it) + unknown bacterium = slide agglutination (clumping of cells on the slide)

• -Gram (-) rods - coccobacilli
• -obliage intracellular parasites - can only reproduce in a cell - need cell cultures to grow them - cause WBCs to pagocytose them and them begin reproducing.

• Both deseases listed below are:
• - zoonotic - carried by animals
• - transmitted by insects
• - rats (reservoir) → ticks/fleas (vector) → human

• R. typhi - typhus - severe flu-like Sx - high fever, cough, chills, myalgia (muscle pain)
• - 50% death rate w/o Rx
• Rx = Tetracyclines

• R. richettsii - Rocky mountain spotted fever
• - flu-like Sx, fever & spotted rash
• - Tick is resevoir and vector
• Rx = Tetracyclines

• gram (-) coccobacilli
• zoonotic - not contageous - acquired by eating infected meat (cows/ goats/ sheep) or touching animals

• Brucellosis - flu-like Sx - fever, chills, headache, myalgia (cronic illness-month, years)
• Rx = antibiotics

Gram (-) rods

• B. pertussis - whooping cough
• flu-like Sx with violent, barking cough
• - contageous - spread by cough - DPT vaccine - not common in US
• Rx = antibiotics

• Gram (-) cocci
• -fimbriae for attachment to mucous membranes

• N. Meningitidis - meningicoccal meningitis - medical emergency - contageous - vaccine for it
• - severe fatigue, fever, stiff neck, 10% die w/Rx
• -speads through saliva - 40% carry it in nasopharynx

• N. gonorrhoeae -Gonorrhea - urethritis - STD
• - resistant to penicillin
• - purulent (pus) discharge with urination
• - PID (in females) - pelvic inflammatory disease

• gram (-) rods or cocci - opportunistic pathogens
• - aerobic and anaerobic soil organisms
• -resistant to antibiotics - have porin in outer membrane to prevent antibiotic influx and efflux pumps to pump out bacteria
• - nosocomial infections (hospital acquired) - biofilms on catheters, burn patients, wound infections, UTI

• -gram (-) bacillus
• -found in streams, water pipes, air conditioner units
• Legionnaire's Disease - (77) severe pneumonia
• - 15% mortality rate (50% if in the hopital and sick)
• -spread by inhaliation of infected aerosol

Rx = antibiotics

• gram (-)curved rods - toxin
• - Cholera
• - infects small bowel - massive diarrhea (1 lt/ hr)
• - death by dehydration - toxin causes increased pumping of Na+ into Gi tract (H20 follows)
• - transmitted by eating raw oysters & indercooked shellfish

Rx = rehydration + antibiotics

• gram (-) rods - enteric (intestinal bacteria) - have fimbrae to adhere to bowel
• -sex pili -transfer resistance factors
• -anaerobic - ferment glucose

• E. coli - most common GI bug
• - normals GI flora - usually not pathogenic
• - UTI in females (not males)
• - certain strains cause bloody diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, and food poisoning
• - spread by fecal to oral contamination

• gram (-) rods - enteric (intestinal bacteria) of poultry/ cattle
• - have fimbrae to adhere to bowel-sex pili -transfer resistance factors-anaerobic - ferment glucose

• -ALL are pathogenic (not normal flora)
• - entero colitis - severe diarrhea
• Rx - rehydration - antibiotics not necessary unless severe

• S. typhi - typhoid fever
• -high fever (104)
• - diarrhia
• - rash
• -rare in US
• - from contaminated food

Rx = antibiotics & rehydration

• gram (-) rods - enteric (intestinal bacteria)
• -have fimbrae to adhere to bowel-
• sex pili -transfer resistance factors
• -anaerobic - ferment glucose

• Shigellosis - dysentery: gastro enteritis (diarhhea and vomiting)
• -travelers diarrhea - poor hygene, food/ water contamination - spread feces to hand to mouth

• gram (-) enterobacteria - lives in intestine
• - causes pneumonia - sometimes serious
• -found in soil/ water

gram (-) enteric bacteria - lives in intestines

• S. marcescens - nasocomial (hospital acquired)
• UTIs, catheter infections

• gram (-) enteric bacteria (lives in intestine)
• common cause of UTIs and wound infections
• swarming growth - concentric rings in culture plate

• Enteric bacteria (intestinal, gram (-) rods
• - common cause of UTI and nosocomial infections
• - common in sewage, soil, water, humans, animals

• gram (-)
• named for its blood requirement in growth culture
• inhabit mucous membranes of upper respitory tract, mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract.
• -vaccine

• H. influenzae - does not cause the flu which is a virus
• - meningitis
• -otitis media (ear ache)
• - epiglottitis - life threatening in small children
• - bronchitis
• - pheumonia

gram (-) curved rods with multiple flagella

• H. pylori - cause of peptic (gastric acid related) ulcers
• - survives stomach acid -most people (80%) are asymptomatic
• - able to corkscrew through mucous and bore hole in stomach lining
• - can cause stomach cancer

• Rx = kill bacteria with antibiotics (ampicillin & flagyl)
• + drugs to lower stomach acid

• Gram (+) rods
• Obligate anerobes
• Forms endospores (can live up to 40 years)

• C. tetani - tetanus - neurotoxins -toxins block nerve conduction to muscle (stop breathing) - starts as puncture wound
• DPT vaccine/ booster
• Rx = vent + antibiotics + anti-toxin

• C. botulism - botulism - respiratory failure (toxin = no ACh release - muscle paralysis) from improperly or old canned food
• honey - (toxin affects infants only)
• Rx= vent + antibiotics + anti-toxin

• C. perfringens - gas gangrene - (CO2) tissue nectrosis (dead)
• Rx = antibiotics + debrindement of dead tissue

• C. difficile - pseudomembranous colitis = severe diarrhea - AAD = antibiotic associated diarrhea
• occurs only when antibiotic therapy alters normal intestinal flora
• Dx = detect toxin (not the bacteria)

• gram (+) rods - produce endospores
• facultative anaerobes - common in soil - only a few are pathogenic to humans - several produce antibiotics

• B. anthrax - sheep/ cattle disease- can be transmitted to humans
• 1. cutaneous (skin) - endospores
• 2. inhalation (lung)
• 3. GI (ingestion)
• 20% mortality rate if Rx
• Rx = antibiotics, vaccine

• gram (+) cocci - grapelike clusters
• facultative anaerobes

• S. aureus - named for yellow pigmented colonies (aureus= golden)
• releases toxins that increase its ability to invade & cause disease
• -pathogenic - meningitis, food poisoning, "enterotoxin", pheumonia, wound infection (surgical), inpetigo (skin infection)
• -many resistant strains -MRSA (skin abscess)
• Toxic shock syndrome - fever, shock, death (tampons, nasal packing)

• gram (+) cocci chains
• Many diseases - more than any other group of bacteria

B-hemolytic = lyses RBCs, on culture plates

• Strep pyogenes - scarlet fever
• - pharyngitis "strep throat"
• - erysipelas = skin cellulitis
• - impetigo - like staph
• - rheumatic fever (from strep throat) → rheumatic heart disease (mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis)

Strep pneumonia - pneumococcal pneumonia (vaccine)

Strep viridans & Strep mutans - dental - broken away can cause endocarditis

gram (+) cocci (not gram(-) rod like other enterobacteria

• anaerobes - in GI system normally (normal microbiota)
• facultative anaerobe
• resistant to many antibiotics
• nosocomial infections, UTI's

• gram (+) -NO CELL WALL -so not affected by many antibiotics
• Pleomorshic some forms have filaments that make them look like fungus (Myco)
• smallest self-replicating organism (tiny 0.1 nanometer)

• M. pneumoniae
• causes "walking" pneumonia (mild & common)

• not gram (-) or (+) - branching fungus-like filaments (myco)
• aerobic - live in lung (TB)
• "acid fast" mycolic acid in cell wall - few antibiotics penetrate it
• grow slowly - nutrients cross cell wall slowly

M. tuberculosis - chronic pheumonia

M. leprosy - disfiguring skin lesions

• not gram (+) or (-)
• diptheria
• droplet/ aerosol - upper respiratory illness that can cause myocarditis
• vaccine for it - DPT - diptheria, pertussis, tetanus

• not gram (+) or (-)
• obligate intracellular bug (cant make ATP)
• Most common bacterial STD
• PID - uterine/ tube scarring = infertility

• C. trachomatis -conjunctivitis in newborns (can lead to blindness) - silver nitrate drops at birth
• -can cross placenta

C. pneumoniae - walking pneumoniae

not gram (+) or (-)

• Treponema pallidum - syphilis
• Dangerous SDI- crosses placenta
• 1. Primary - genital (skin chancre)
• 2. Secondary (months later) - flu-like Sx
• 3. Tertiary (years later) - insanity, aortic disease, valvular heart disease

• Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease
• rash, flu, arthralgia
• vector = deer tick (depends on deer blood but deer does not become infected)

• Eukaryotic - antibiotics dont work on them
• - Aerobic or facultative anaerobic
• - Chemoheterotrophs (like man )
• - most are decomposers

Mycology = study of fungus

Mycosis = fungal infections - most grow slowly and are chronic

• live deep within body - pheumonia
• inhaled - mostly in immune compromised
• regional
• a. coccidioidomycosis - west coast
• b. histoplasmosis - mid states
• c. blastomycosis - east coast

Dermatophytes - localized fungal infections - infect hair and nails - feed on keratin (ringworm)

• fungal infections
• generally harmless but can be pathogenic to ppl with compormised immune systems, treated with antibiotics, and lung disease.

Pneumocystis carini - AIDS defining disease - pneumonoa

Candida albicans - YEAST - vaginitis, thrush

• eukaryotes - unicellular - chemoheterotrophs
• asexual reprodiction (fission/budding) & sexual (conjugation)
• flagellated parasites

Trichomonas vaginalis - STD - vaginitis/ Urethritis, increased risk of HIV

Giardia lamblia - beaver fever - feces in stream, campers drink H20, diarrhea (stays in GI tract)

• Plasmodium - Malaria - fever chills, hemolytic anemia - common in tropics
• - mosquito is vector (female bite only) → host liver cells → RBCs → RBC lysis
• - intercellular paracytes - live in RBCs
• Rx = quinine

• Toxoplasma gondii - toxoplasmosis - significant in developing fetus and immune suppressed
• -eggs shed in cat feces - crosses placenta - fetal demise, brain damage
• - also acquired from eating undercooked meat

• Parasitic Worms
• eukaryotic multicellular animals - chemoheterotrophs
• tapeworms, liverflukes, schistosomiasis "snail fever" (chronic condition)