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Battle of the Coral Sea, 1942
- Significant Japanese and American losses
- stopped a fleeing convoying Jap troops towards New Guinea.
- am losses greater, but Japanese threat to Australia ended
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what was the turning pt in the pacific?
battle of midway
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Battle of Midway, 1943
- American cryptanalysts had broken Japanese code
- – reinforced midway and surprised Jap. - turning pt in pacific
- Significance of aircraft carriers
- – war craft carries were decisive elements of midterm naval war.
- Japan lost its four best aircraft carriers.
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Battle in the Atlantic
- Early setbacks – Devastation from German submarines
- American response effective by second half of 1942 – built more sm escort vessels, ↑ patrol.
- Result: more naval submarines.
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War Powers Act
- – allowed the pres to reshuffle gov agencies.
- Empowered the gov to allot materials and facilities as needed for defense w/ penalties for companies that didn’t comply.
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War Production Board –
directed the conversion of industrial manu to war production.
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where to get the money for war
- Revenue Act of 1942 – provided only $7bil increase in revenue.
- Taxes – paid about 45 percent of wartime expenditures
- Borrowing from the public
- War bonds – $150bil+
- Financial institutions – provided the remaining needed money.
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Office of Price Administration
– congress authorized it to set price controls to keep pries from soaring out of control.
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Stabilization Act of 1942
gave the pres authority to control wages and farm prices.
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Smith-Connally War Labor Dispute Act
authorized the gov to seize plants and mines useful to the war effort.
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Philip Randolph's March on Washington
to demand an end to segregation in defense industries.
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fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) established
gave willing companies an excuse to hire blacks (“gov policy”).
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Smith v. Allwright
struck down Texas's white primary
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bracero program
1942 would allow seasonal workers if the US promised not to draft them.
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Zoot suit riots: 1943
thousands of soldiers and white civilians assaulted Hispanics, af ams, Filipinos.
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Unintended consequences of "unconditional surrender"
Enemy resistance may have increased and it created an avenue opened for Soviet control of Eastern Europe.
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The Teheran Conference, 1943
- Included – "Big Three" leaders-Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
- Decisions – Planning for the D-Day invasion and the Russian offensive. Russia promised to enter war against Japan
- United Nations – Commitment to creation of a postwar international peacekeeping organization
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D-Day, 1944 /Battle of Normandy, Turning point!
- Eisenhower in command of "Operation Overlord" – cross channel assault on Hitler’s Atlantic wall (reinforced Fr coast).
- The invasion, June 1944
- Did not go as planned – thick clouds and German anti-aircraft fire caused many paratroopers and glider pilots to miss their targets.
- Unfavorable weather – low clouds caused allied planes to miss their targets.
- Extremely high Allied casualties –5k+ but more German losses.
- German reaction
- Mistakes – Fooled into thinking invasion would occur elsewhere. Poor defense strategy authorized by Hitler. Resistance to Hitler increasing among officers
- Allies have Paris – by the end of August 1944. German resistance in Fr collapsed.
- Slowing momentum of the Allied drive on Germany – Need for more planning and establishment of supply lines to sustain the drive
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Battle of the Bismarck Sea, March
1943 – made it possible for allies to use the tactic of neutralizing jap strongholds w/ air and sea powers, then moving on. Significant Japanese losses
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Battle of the Bulge, December 1944
– the Germans advanced along a 50mi bulge in allies lines in Belgium and Luxembourg. Airpower critical in effort to push German troops back and cutting off German supply.
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the yalta conference 1945
- Purpose? – Convened to discuss the end of the war, the shape of the postwar world
- Roosevelt's goals – Ensure that Russia join the war against Japan, U.S. must join postwar international security organization, and Allies must preserve a united front against the German aggressors after the war.
- End Result – Agree to divide occupation of Germany and Berlin among victorious Allied powers
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yaltas legacy
- Soviet violations of their agreements – they suppressed opposition in the occupied territories.
- Secret agreements concerning the Far East
- Stalin’s plan – he wanted to continue Soviet control over Outer Mongolia
- How would he do that? – Return of Kurile Islands and other rights and territories lost in Russo-Japanese War of 1904 – 1905. Necessary to ensure Soviets entered the war against Japan.
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Iwo Jima
marines invaded and controlled it. It was needed as a base for fighter planes escorting bombers over Jap.
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Okinawa
- was the largest amphibious operation of the pacific war.
- When it fell, the jap emperor tried to seek peace terms, but the allies didn’t care
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the manhatten project
–Two bombs available for use on Japan by mid 1945
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