Medical Microbiology

• increase temperature increases efficiancy
• increases energy and they "bash" into each other
• denatures

increased volume increases killing effect

prolonged application can kill more

• clean surface first
• rid of organic matter
• disinfectants work better

• no such thing
• bad for us as well - we don't want to kill everything
• too expensive

• polar at one end non polar at the other end -like aphospholps
• emulsfied ... cleanliness effect
• disrupts membranes and impars proteins

change pH (enzymes can't function)

interact with amino, sulfy hydryls groups n proteins (substute groups in nucleic acids)

• binds to proteins
• iodophors -organic molecule attached to iodine
• acts like a detergent

• chlorine bleach
• strong oxidizer
• effective but inactivated by organic matter
• destroys bonds between monomers

• denatures proteins; disrupts cell membranes
• -best mixed with water
• -disinfect, not sterilize (drys to fast)

• denature proteins
• action not impaired by presense of organic materials

• oxidizing agent
• form free radicals

add functional groups to macromolectules

inactive viruses, toxins

gas sterilization

• slowly oxidizes molecule
• -requires higher temperatures
• -takes long

• denature proteins - breaks hydrogen bonds
• quicker - water distributes heat better
• -molecules banging around more

• slows microbial growth on food - to extend shelf life
• bacteria still exists but as long as we don't overload out system can control them

• low energy
• not oxidizing
• breaks hydrogen bonds
• ---have to overwhelm them to make them base pair with themselves

• high energy
• oxidizing
• needs an electron so it goes takes one from another and then they need an electron and it's a chain reaction

• lower energy
• more efficeintly passed through water molecules
• won't kill endospores -water isn't part of their system

required pores smaller than pathogen

temperature that kills all bacteria in 24 hours

time to kill all bacteria in a culture at a specific temperature

• compare all disinfectants performance with phenol when conditions are identical
• estimate killing powe and come up with a ratio
• 1=phenol
• <1=better than phenol
• >1=less than phenol

disks get saturated with disinfectant and placed on a medium that was innoculated ad let the bacteria grow

• make seial dilutions of disinfectant
• take a bead that was contaminated with bacteria
• place 1 bead in each dilution for a certain amount of time
• take them out and inset in a broth
• and see if anything grows

• inhibits formation of new peptidoglycon layer
• -can't grow and can't repair damage with long term use
• resistance is common

resistance in some classes

• targeting or taking advantage of the fact that prokaryote and eukaryotes are different enough to effect one instead of the other
• attacks small ribosomes by altering target site

• atacks enxymes involed
• attacks ones unique to the bacteria
• fast acting because RNA is constantly being made
• broad spectrum: we have different enzymes than the bacteria but all bacteria have the same enzyme

• competes for the active site on an enzyme
• so the substrate can't
• have to have a higher amount it than the substrate

• prokaryotic specific
• works on a wide range of groups
• cons: we have good microbes within us they could kill
• selective for resistance: killing for one genes while other may not have that gene

• works on a narrow range
• specific bacterium
• used most often when: don't know what the bacterium is and the patient is dying

• ratio of toxis dosage level vs. therapeutic dosage level
• max tolerance dose
• min dose that cures dz

• 1=close to killing yourself
• 100=a lot safer
• >1=suicide

both benefit

• host benefits
• no positive or negative effect on virus

• virus benefits
• host is harmed

• found in one spot
• we expect to find it there

don't expect to find it there

take advantage of a situation

• immunocompromised
• introduced into unusual body site
• disturbed microbiota

• body already is fighting a dz
• stress - depresses immune system
• chemothereapy

• where you expect to find them
• keeping each colony in check
• 1 or 2 or more colonies removed leave a chance open for other colonies to be introduced or already existing colonies take over

• infect: -gain acces - adhere to cell surface - or invade tissues - multiply
• produce toxins
• use energy and monomers from host -decreasing host growth and repair

to free from living microorganisms by the use of physical or chemical agents, depriving thm of the ability to reproduce

the act of freeing something from infections by destroying harmful microorganism

free of living microorganisms

a substance of preparation for killing germs

inhibition of the growth of bacteria withou destruction

destroying bacteria

any substance that kills germs or other microorganisms

an agent that inhibits or destroys viruses

capable of inhibiting the growth and reproduction fo fngi without destroying them

destroying fungi

tending to kill spores