Bio Chapter 17 and 31

• Eukaryotic
• Most are mulitcellular (except yeast)
• Heterotrophic (nutrients via hydrolytic enzymes)
• Roles: Saprophytic, parasitic, mutualistic, or predaceous
• Cell walls made of Chitin

Cell wall material in fungi

Thread like, grows into a mass of mycelium

Have hyphae divided by walls (septum=wall)

No walls, so many nuclei within the same cytoplasm

See diagram

Reproductive Structure

Reproductive Structure

Fungi that show no form of sexual reproduction, imperfect.

• Haploid spore
• Heterokaryotics fused-unfused nuclei
• Diploid zygote

See diagram

Flagellated spores; found in lakes, ponds and soil (mostancient); decomposers or parasitic

• (Zygote fungi)
• Produce haploid sproes by meiosis
• fast growing molds-bread and fruit
• parasites on animals

• (arbuscular mychorrhizal fungi)-lives in harmony
• Form distinct michorrhiza in which hyphae that invade roots branch into tiny tree-like structures called arbuscules
• 90% of plants have this relationship

Tiny, tree-like structures that relate to Glomereomycetes

• (Sac fungi)
• Asci produce spores
• Marine, fresh water, or terrestrial
• Diverse group from unicellular yeasts to morels and cup fungi
• Plant pathogens
• Lichens

• (Club fungi)
• Basidium=club shaped structure that producees spores
• Decomposers-mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi (can break down lignin in wood
• Parasites-rusts and smuts

• (Lysergic acid)
• Similar to LSD
• Hallucinations by Salem "witches"

• Fungal infection
• ex. athlete's foot fungus, ringworm, yeast infection

A fungal lung infection similar to TB-life threatening

• Rid world of physical waste
• Recycle needed nutrients

• Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a green algae or cyanobacteria
• Fungus obtains organic compounds from photosynthetic partner, fungus provides phosphorus, H2O, and minerals

• Fungus root
• Relationship between plant root and fungus
• Fungal hyphae brancch out into soil and take up mineral nutrients, some are passed onto plant roots and will receive food from the plant in return.
• Relationship can also provide disease resistance to plnt and eliminate the need for fertilizer
• Most land plants form mycorrhizal associations, may have been an important relationship for plants to become terrestrial.

• 1 Cotyledon
• Parallel vein arrangement in leaves
• Complex vascular bundles arrangement in stems
• Multiple of 3 flower parts
• Fibrous root system
• Ex. Bamboo

• 2 Cotyledons
• Multibranched vein arrangemetn in leaves
• Ring vascular bundle arrangement in stems
• Multiples of 4 or 5 flower parts
• Vertical Taproot system
• ex. Dandelion, Food crops, Shrubs, and Trees

Poinits where leaves are attached

Portion of stem between nodes

Photosynthetic part of leave

where stem attaches to leaf

Thin roots spread out shallowly

Vertical deeper root

Increase surface area of roots

Phenomenon in whihc terminal buds produce hormones that inhibit growth of axillary buds;increases exposure to light; if terminal bud is removed, plant gets bushier

At apex of stem, have developing leaves and nodes/internodes

One in each angle formed by a leaf and a stem;usually dormant

Horizontal stem that grows along ground surface, enable plant to reproduce asexually; ex. strawberries

Horizontal stems that grow just below or along soil surface, store food and have buds; ex. ginger

Enlarges structures at the end of some rhizomes, specialized structures for nutrient storage; ex. potatoes

Help plants climb

• (living), most abundant
• Primary walls are thin and flexible
• Lack secondary cell walls
• Large central vacuole
• Perform most metabolic functions of plants (in chloroplasts)
• many can divide and differentiate into other types of plants cells

• (living)
• Unevenly thick primary cell walls used for plant support in plants that are still growing
• lack secondary cell walls, no lignin

• (dead when mature)
• support element strengthened by secondary cell walls with lignin
• occur in regions of plants that have stopped growth
• Two types: Fibers- long and slender bundles, Sclereids-shorter, thick, irregular hard secondary cell wall (ex. nuts)

• Xylem
• Dead when mature
• Rigid secondary cell walls with lignin
• Tracheids-Long thin cells with tapered ends
• Vessel Elements- wider shourter and less tapered; overlap-tube system from roots to stem water passes through pits and openings in end wall

• Phloem
• Living, lose most organelles-pass more easily thorugh Sieve tube members
• Sieve plates-end walls between STM, have pores
• Companion cell- found along side of STM, connected by plasmodesmata, produces and transports proteins to STM
• Source to sink

end walls between STM, have pores, food conducting cells

• -Long thin cells with tapered ends
• Water conducting cell

• - wider shourter and less tapered; overlap-tube system from roots to stem water passes through pits and openings in end wall
• Water conducting cells

found along side of STM, connected by plasmodesmata, produces and transports proteins to STM, food conducting cells

Outer layer of cells for protection

Waxy covering on stem

• (Material transport)
• Provides support and long-distance transport

Water and dissolved minerals, roots to leaves

transports nutrients from leaves to stem and roots

• (photosynthesis, storage, and support)
• accounts for most bulk in a young plant
• fills space between dermal and vascular tissues

Ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue

Ground tissues that in external to vascular tissue

Tissues that make growth in plants possible

Tips of buds and roots; control primary growth (increase in length)

Cylinders of dividing cells along length of roots and stems; control secondary growth (wood), increase in girth

Protection of apical meristem cells in root

Primary (Apical meristem)

Cells lengthen, pushes root tip

Differentiation of cells (formation of three tissue systems)

Vascular bundle where both xylem and phloem develop (Root)

Central core of stele in monocot, parenchyma cells

Region of the root between stele and epidermis (innermost layer endodermis) bulk of root

Arise from pericycle (outermost layer of stele) just inside endodermis, cells may become meristematic (cells that actively divide)

Tiny pores for gas exchange and transpiration; 2 guard cells

ground tissue between upper and lower epidermis (parenchyma with chloroplasts); palisade (mostly photosynthesis) and spongy (gas circulation)

Adds layers of vascular tissue on either side of vascular cambium

Everything external to vasculara cambium (secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork)

Brown outer layer that replaces epidermis

Consist of parenchyma cells that transport water to the outer living tissues in the trunk

Center of trunk, consists of older layers of secondary xylem (no longer functioning)

Lighter colored, consistes of younger seconary xylem that does conduct water and minerals (xylem sap)

Reproductive shoot of angiosperms, contain 4 types of modified leaves

Enclose and protect flower bud

Colorful advertisers to pollinators

Male reproductive organ, composed of an anther (pollen) and filament (stalk)

Female reproductive organ, composed of stigma (sticky), style (neck), and ovary (makes ovules, will become a developed egg after fertilization)

• Central cell with protective covering of smaller cells
• Contains triploid central

• Seed leaf, first to appear
• Provide food to embryo until leaves form

Tough outer covering of seed, formed from outer coat of ovule

condition in whihc growth and development are suspended temporarily (evolutionary adaptation)

• Fruit derived from flower with single carpel
• ex. peach, peas, nuts

• Derived from flower with more than one carpel, clustered together
• ex. Raspberry

• Derived from multiple flowers clustered together
• ex. Pineapple

• 475 mya
• Noon vascular
• Require water (flagellated spores)
• ex. mosses, liverworts, hornwort

• 420 mya
• Vascular tissues
• Can grow upright
• Move away from water

• 360 mya
• Seed protection to embryo

• Flagellated spores-water
• ex. Fern

• Uncovered seeds
• Not in protective chambers
• ex. gingko, conifer, cycods

• 140 mya
• Protected seeds
• Flowering plants

Protective coverings around gamete-producing cells; carried by wind or animals

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

• Contains:
• Tube nucleus (2n) digs pollen tub through pistil to ovary
• Generative nucleus (2n) which divides to form two haploid sperm (n)

Digs pollen tube through pistil to ovary

Which divides to form two haploid sperm

Union of sperm and egg

• Sperm 1 + egg=zygote-eventually becoming plant embryo
• Sperm 2 + 2 polar nuclei=Endosperm-food for the embryo

• (3n)
• which becomes food for the embryo

Protection

lack petioles

• that store carbs
• ex. Carrots, turnips, sugarbeets, sweet potatoes