Explain the blood flow of the heart, starting from the vena cava.
Deoxygenated blood flows from the vena cava into the right atreum through the tricuspid valve unto the right ventricle through the semilunar value into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs, the from the lungs, oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through the mitral valuve into the left ventricle and up through the aorta to the rest of the body then back through the superior and inferior vena cava
Explain Frank-Starling law (Starling's) of the heart.
As the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases
What side of the heart is pulmonary heart failure?
Left
What side of the heart fails in systemic circulation?
Right
What happens to the heart and its valves during diastole?
The atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valvues open, and blood flows from the higher-pressure artia into the relaxed ventrilces.
What happens to the heart and its valves during systole?
The semilunar (aortic and pulmonic valves open, and blood flows from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Define Cardiac Output
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventrilce each minute.
What is normal cardiac output for a healthy 150lb person?
4-6L/min
What is Cardiac Index (CI), and what is the normal range?
A more percise measure and takes inot consideration tisue perfusion and the client's body surface area (BSA).
Normal range is 2.5-4.0L/min/m2
Define stroke volume.
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventrilce with each contraction.
Define airway resistance
The pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli in relation to the rate of flow of inspired air
What is tital volume?
The amount of air exhaled in a normal breath and is assumed to equate with the amount of air inhaled with each breath.
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
To move blood to and from the alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange.
What are the four factors that influence the adequacy of circulation, ventilation, perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases to the tissue?
Physiological
Developmental
Lifestyle
Environmental
Clients with pulmonary disease are at greater risk for what?
Hypoxemia
What are some conditions that afftec chest wall movement and therefore decrease ventilation?
Pregnancy
Obesity
Musculoskepetal Abnormalities
Trauma
Neuromuscular Disease
Central Nervous System Alterations
Influences of chronic disease
Explain Atrial Fibrillation
Common in older adults
The electrical impulse in the atria is chaotic and originated from multiple sites
Irregular rhythm as a result of multiple pacemaker sites and unpredictable conduction to the ventricles
Explain Myocardia ischemia.
Results when the supply of blood to ehe myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands
What is Angina pectoris?
A transient imbalabce between oxygen supply and demand. The condition results in chest pain that is aching, sharp, tingling, or burning, or that feels like pressure. Lasts 1-15 minutes. Clients report that pain is often precipitated by activites that increased myocardial oxygen demand.
What does Myocardial Infarction (MI) result from? What are the symptoms?
Results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate perfusion. Usually occurs becayse of ichemia and necrosis of myocarial tissue.
Symptoms in men is chest pain usually described as crushing, squeezing, or stabbing. Pain is often in the left chest and sternal area, nay be felt in the back and it radiated down the left arm to the neck, jaws, teeth, and and epigastirc area.
Symptoms in women ia typically angina, but atypical symptoms of fatigue, indigestion, casospasm, shortness or breath, or back or jaw pain.
Define Hyperventilation.
A state of ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate the carbon dioxiode produced by cellular metabolism. Anxiety, infections, drugs, or acid-base imbalance induce hyperventilation.
Define Hypoventilation.
Occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the body's oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide.
S&S: mental status changes, dysrhythmias, and potential cardiac arrest.
What is atelectasis?
A collapse of the alveoli
Six causes of hypoxia:
1. a decreased hemoglobin level and lowered oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
2. a diminished concentration of inspired oxygen, which occurs at high altitudes
3. the inability of the tissues to extract oxygen from the blood, as with cyanide poisoning
4. decreased diffusion of oxygen from the alveolu in the blood, as in pmeumonia
5. poor tissue perfusion with oxygented blood, as with shock
6. impaired ventilation, as with multiple rib fractures or chest trauma.
Define Hypoxia. What are some signs and symptoms?
Inadequate tissue oxygenation of the cellular level.
S&S: apprehension, restlesness, inabiliyt to concentrate, declining level of consciousness, dizziness, ad behavioral changes.
Define Dsypnea.
The clinical sign of hypoxia.
Define Orthopnea.
An abnormal condition in which the client uses multiple pillows when lying down or must sti with arms elevated and leaning forward to breath.
What are the three most common environmental exposures in the home?
Cigarette somke
Carbon monoxide
Radon
Define Humidification.
The process of adding water to gas. It is necessary for cleitnes receiving oxygen therapy at greater than 4 L/min
What is Nebulization?
Adds moisture of medications to inspired aire by mixing particles of varying sizes with the air.
Explain postural drainage.
A component of pulmonary hygiene; it consists of drainage, posiioning, and turning and is sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and vibration.
If a client had fluid in his left lobe with a chest tube, what position would you put the client in?
On the client's left side
If a client had fluid in his left lobe without a chest tube, what position would you place the client in?
On the client's right side
What is a pneumothorax?
A collection of air in the pleural space.
What is a hemothorax?
An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae, usually as a result from truama. It produces a couterpressure and prevents the lung from full expansion.
How much oxygen should a client be on when using a nasal cannula?
Up to 6 L/min.
What should the nurse be alert to with a client using a nasal cannula?
Skin breakdown over the ears and in the nares from too tight an appliction.
How much oxygen should be used for a nonrebreather?
6-10 L/min
How much oxygen should a client be on when using a Venturi mask?
4-12 L/min
Right ventricle pumps blood through:
pulmonary circulation
Left ventricle pumps blood through:
systemic circulation
Normal Cardiac Output is:
4 to 6L/min
What is pre-load?
The end diastolic volume
What is afterload?
The resistance to left ventrcular ejection.
What is the pacemaker?
SA Node
What does the AV node do?
Mediates impulses between atria and ventricles
The nurse reviewed information about the cardiovascular system before caring for a client with heart disease. The nurse knows that which of the following statements is true concerning the physiology of the cardiovascular system?
C.
What is ventricular fibulation
no organized rhythm (shockable rhythm)
What is ventricle tachycardia?
A lifethreatening dysrhythmia because of the decreased cardia output and the potential to deteriorate into ventricle fibrillation.
pt still alert but not (shockable rhythm)
When is it approprate for a shock?
With abnormal dystrhythmias in the ventricles.
Explain Left sided heart failure
decreased CO
fatigure
breathlessness
backs up to pulmonary
crackles
Explain right sided heart failure.
impaired right ventricle
left turns to right
blood ejected from right decreases
"Backs up" systemically
peripheral edema
results from left sided heart failure
Explain COPD.
inspiration/experiation will be declined/decreased because they don't have the elasticity they needhave an increased CO2 levels because they can't get it out of lungs. SpO2 will be in lower 90s. keep on lower %of O2 because body is use to not enough O2, pt will have periods of apnea.
What is tital volume?
the amount of air exhaled in a normal breath
Where does the exchange of gases occur?
between the environment and blood. The lungs transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the alveoli, where the oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide
Define Ventilation
The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
Define Inspiration/Expration
An active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta and a passive process for expiration
What is pulmonary circulation?
Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange
What is diffusion?
Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
What is involved in Oxygen Transport
Lungs and cardiovascular system
What is invloved in Carbon dioxide transport
Diffuses into red blood cells and is hydrated into carbonic acid
Physiological factors affecting oxygenastion
Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity
Decreased inspired oxygen
Hypovolemia
Increased metabolic rate
What are some ways to manage dypsnea?
Airway management
Mobilization of pulmonary secretions
Humidification
Nebulization
Chest physiotherapy
Explain Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning
Used when the client can cough effectively but is not able to clear secretions
Explain Orotracheal and nasotracheal suctioning
Used when the client is unable to manage secretions
Explain Tracheal suctioing
Used with an artificial airway
What are artifical airways used?
for clients with airway obstruction or decreased level of consciousness. They also aid in the removal for tracheobronchial secretions
Explain Oral airway
Prevents obstruction of the trachea by displacement of the tongue into the oropharynx
Explain Endotracheal airway
Short-term use to ventilate, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, clear secretions
Explain Tracheostomy
Long-term assistance, surgical incision made into trachea
Define Cascade cough:
the client takes a slow, deep breath and hold it for 2 seconds while contracting expiratory muscles. The client opens the mouth and performs a series of coughs throughout exhalation, progressively lowering lung volumes
Define Huff cough:
the client simulates a natural cough reflex that is effective for clearing the airway.Quad cough: clients without abdominal muscle control use this while breathing out with a maximal effort
Define Purse Lipped-Breathing:
deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse.
Define Diaphragmatic Breathing:
requires the client to relax intercostal and accessory muscles while taking deep inspirations.