Oxygenation

Deoxygenated blood flows from the vena cava into the right atreum through the tricuspid valve unto the right ventricle through the semilunar value into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs, the from the lungs, oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through the mitral valuve into the left ventricle and up through the aorta to the rest of the body then back through the superior and inferior vena cava

As the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases

Left

Right

The atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valvues open, and blood flows from the higher-pressure artia into the relaxed ventrilces.

The semilunar (aortic and pulmonic valves open, and blood flows from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventrilce each minute.

4-6L/min

• A more percise measure and takes inot consideration tisue perfusion and the client's body surface area (BSA).
• Normal range is 2.5-4.0L/min/m2

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventrilce with each contraction.

The pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli in relation to the rate of flow of inspired air

The amount of air exhaled in a normal breath and is assumed to equate with the amount of air inhaled with each breath.

To move blood to and from the alveolar capillary membrane for gas exchange.

• Physiological
• Developmental
• Lifestyle
• Environmental

Hypoxemia

• Pregnancy
• Obesity
• Musculoskepetal Abnormalities
• Trauma
• Neuromuscular Disease
• Central Nervous System Alterations
• Influences of chronic disease

• Common in older adults
• The electrical impulse in the atria is chaotic and originated from multiple sites
• Irregular rhythm as a result of multiple pacemaker sites and unpredictable conduction to the ventricles

Results when the supply of blood to ehe myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands

A transient imbalabce between oxygen supply and demand. The condition results in chest pain that is aching, sharp, tingling, or burning, or that feels like pressure. Lasts 1-15 minutes. Clients report that pain is often precipitated by activites that increased myocardial oxygen demand.

• Results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate perfusion. Usually occurs becayse of ichemia and necrosis of myocarial tissue.
• Symptoms in men is chest pain usually described as crushing, squeezing, or stabbing. Pain is often in the left chest and sternal area, nay be felt in the back and it radiated down the left arm to the neck, jaws, teeth, and and epigastirc area.
• Symptoms in women ia typically angina, but atypical symptoms of fatigue, indigestion, casospasm, shortness or breath, or back or jaw pain.

A state of ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate the carbon dioxiode produced by cellular metabolism. Anxiety, infections, drugs, or acid-base imbalance induce hyperventilation.

• Occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the body's oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide.
• S&S: mental status changes, dysrhythmias, and potential cardiac arrest.

A collapse of the alveoli

• 1. a decreased hemoglobin level and lowered oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
• 2. a diminished concentration of inspired oxygen, which occurs at high altitudes
• 3. the inability of the tissues to extract oxygen from the blood, as with cyanide poisoning
• 4. decreased diffusion of oxygen from the alveolu in the blood, as in pmeumonia
• 5. poor tissue perfusion with oxygented blood, as with shock
• 6. impaired ventilation, as with multiple rib fractures or chest trauma.

• Inadequate tissue oxygenation of the cellular level.
• S&S: apprehension, restlesness, inabiliyt to concentrate, declining level of consciousness, dizziness, ad behavioral changes.

The clinical sign of hypoxia.

An abnormal condition in which the client uses multiple pillows when lying down or must sti with arms elevated and leaning forward to breath.

• Cigarette somke
• Carbon monoxide
• Radon

The process of adding water to gas. It is necessary for cleitnes receiving oxygen therapy at greater than 4 L/min

Adds moisture of medications to inspired aire by mixing particles of varying sizes with the air.

A component of pulmonary hygiene; it consists of drainage, posiioning, and turning and is sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and vibration.

On the client's left side

On the client's right side

A collection of air in the pleural space.

An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae, usually as a result from truama. It produces a couterpressure and prevents the lung from full expansion.

Up to 6 L/min.

Skin breakdown over the ears and in the nares from too tight an appliction.

6-10 L/min

4-12 L/min

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

4 to 6L/min

The end diastolic volume

The resistance to left ventrcular ejection.

SA Node

Mediates impulses between atria and ventricles

C.

no organized rhythm (shockable rhythm)

• A lifethreatening dysrhythmia because of the decreased cardia output and the potential to deteriorate into ventricle fibrillation.
• pt still alert but not (shockable rhythm)

With abnormal dystrhythmias in the ventricles.

• decreased CO
• fatigure
• breathlessness
• backs up to pulmonary
• crackles

• impaired right ventricle
• left turns to right
• blood ejected from right decreases
• "Backs up" systemically
• peripheral edema
• results from left sided heart failure

inspiration/experiation will be declined/decreased because they don't have the elasticity they needhave an increased CO2 levels because they can't get it out of lungs. SpO2 will be in lower 90s. keep on lower %of O2 because body is use to not enough O2, pt will have periods of apnea.

the amount of air exhaled in a normal breath

between the environment and blood. The lungs transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the alveoli, where the oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide

The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

An active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta and a passive process for expiration

Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries

Lungs and cardiovascular system

Diffuses into red blood cells and is hydrated into carbonic acid

• Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity
• Decreased inspired oxygen
• Hypovolemia
• Increased metabolic rate

• Airway management
• Mobilization of pulmonary secretions
• Humidification
• Nebulization
• Chest physiotherapy

Used when the client can cough effectively but is not able to clear secretions

Used when the client is unable to manage secretions

Used with an artificial airway

for clients with airway obstruction or decreased level of consciousness. They also aid in the removal for tracheobronchial secretions

Prevents obstruction of the trachea by displacement of the tongue into the oropharynx

Short-term use to ventilate, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, clear secretions

Long-term assistance, surgical incision made into trachea

the client takes a slow, deep breath and hold it for 2 seconds while contracting expiratory muscles. The client opens the mouth and performs a series of coughs throughout exhalation, progressively lowering lung volumes

the client simulates a natural cough reflex that is effective for clearing the airway.Quad cough: clients without abdominal muscle control use this while breathing out with a maximal effort

deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse.

requires the client to relax intercostal and accessory muscles while taking deep inspirations.

• Airway
• Breathing
• Circulation
• Defibrilation