neurotransmitter of parasympathetic (cholinergic) nerves; stimulates the cholinergic receptor
Adrenergic receptor
receptor located on internal organs that responds to norepinephrine
Afferent nerve
transmits sensory infomration to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
system of nerves that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle (involuntary) of the internal organs and glands
Cholinergic receptor
Receptor located on internal organs that responds to acetylcholine
Efferent nerve
carries the appropriate motor response from the brain and spinal cord
Epinephrine
Hormone from adrenal medulla that stimulates adrenergic reeptors, especially during stress
Fight or flight reaction
responses of the body to intense stress; caused by activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS
Homeostasis
Normal state of balance among the body's internal organs
Neurotransmitter
substance that stimulates internal organs to produce charachteristic changes associated with sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
norepinephrine (NE)
neurotransmitter of sympathetic (adrenergic) nerves that stimulates the adrenergic receptors
parasympathetic
refers to nerves of the ANS that orginate in the brain and sacral portion of the spinal cord; they are active when the body is at rest or trying to restore body energy and function
sympathetic
refers to nerves of the ANS that orginate from the thoracolumbar portion of the spinal cord; they are active when the body is under stress or when is is exerting energy
Adrenergic neuronal blocker
drug that acts at the neuronal endings to reduce the formation or release of NE
aplha-adrenergic blocker
drug that blocks the alpha effects of NE and EPI
alpha-adrenergic receptor
receptor located on smooth muscle that mediates contraction
beta-adrenergic receptor
receptor located either on the heart (beta 1) or smooth muscle (beta 2). Beta 1 stimulation increased heart function, while beta 2 stimulation relaxes smooth muscle
catecholamine
refers to norepinephrine, epinephrine, and other sympathomimetic compounds that possess the catechol structure
false transmitter
drug induced substance in nerver endings that reduces neuronal activity
nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker
drug that blocks the beta effects of EPI
Selective beta 1 adrenergic blocker
drug that blocks only beta 1 receptors
Selective beta-2 adrenergic drug
drug that stimulates only beta-2 receptors at the therapeutic doses
sympatholytic
"blocking" drug or effect that decreases sympathetic nervous system activity
Sympathomimetic
adrenergic drug or effect that increases sympathetic nervous system activity
acetylcholinesterase
an enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine
anticholinergic
refers to drugs or effects that reduce the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic
refers to the nerves and receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system; also refers to the drugs that stimulate this system
muscarinic receptor
an older but more specific term for the cholinergic receptor on smooth and cardiac muscle
nicotinic-muscle (Nm) receptor
cholinergic receptor located at the neuromsucular junction of skeletal muscle
nicotinic-neural (Nn) receptor
cholinergic receptor located on both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
parasympatholytic
refers to drug (anticholinergice) that decrease activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathomimetic
refers to drugs (cholinergic) that mimic stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system