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The pressure or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood
Afterload
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Occlusion of this vessel has been referred to as the “widow maker” b/c of its association with sudden death
L main coronary artery
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A repetitive pumping process that includes all of the events associated with the flow of blood thru the heart
Cardiac cycle
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Blood flows from the R atrium thru the ___ valve into the R ventricle
Tricuspid
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The amt of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart
Cardiac output
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A double walled sac that encloses the heart and helps protect it from trauma and infection
Pericardium
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A positive___ effect results in an increase in myocardial contractility
Inotropic
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Blood flows from the L atrium thru the ___ valve into the L ventricle
Bicuspid/Mitral
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Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detects changes in blood pressure
Baroreceptors
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The largest vein that drains the heart
Coronary sinus
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Coronary artery that supplies the SA node and AV node in most of the population
Right coronary artery
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This results when the heart’s demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation
Myocardial ischemia
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A neg ___ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate
Chronotropic
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Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (ph)
Chemoreceptors
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The amt of blood flowing into the R atrium each minute from the systemic circulation
Venous return
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Represents total ventricular activity-the time from ventricular depolarization to repolarization
QT interval
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Intrinsic rate of AV junction
40-60 BPM
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Ability of cardiac muscle cells to respond to an external stimulus
Excitability
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Extent to which a cell is able to respond to a stimulus
Refractoriness
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Movement of ions across a cell membrane in which the inside of the cell is restored to its negative charge
Repolarization
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Intrinsic rate of ventricles
20 to 40 BPM
-
Working cells of the myocardium that contain contractile filaments
Myocardial cells
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Corresponds with the onset of the QRS complex to the peak of the T wave
Absolute refractory period
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Mvmt of ions across a cell membrane causing the inside of the cell to become more positive
Depolarization
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Specialized cells of the heart’s electrical conduction system capable of spontaneously generating and conducting electrical impulses
Pacemaker cells
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Intrinsic rate of SA node
60 to 100 BPM
-
Surface of the Left ventricle viewed by leads II, III, and aVF
Inferior
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Lead type: I, II,III
Bipolar limb leads
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Corresponds with the down slope of the T wave
Relative refractory period
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Surface of the Left ventricle viewed by leads I, aVL, V5, and V6
Lateral
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Measured on the horizontal axis of ECG
Time (0.04 sec/box)
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Lead type: aVR, aVL, aVF
Unipolar limb leads
-
Measured on the vertical axis
Amp/Voltage (1 mm/box)
-
Common dysrhythmia asso with respiratory rate
Sinus arrhythmia
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Appearance of P waves that originate from the SA node
-
Positive (upright) in lead II, one precedes each QRS
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Rate asso with a sinus bradycardia
-
-
If the SA node fails to generate an impulse, the next (escape) pacemaker that should generate an impulse
-
-
Dysrhythmia with a pause that is the same as (or an exact multiple of) the distance between two other P-P intervals
-
-
Normal rate for a sinus rhythm
-
-
Pacemaker with an intrinsic rate of 20-40 BPM
-
-
Dysrhythmia with a pause of undetermined length that is not the same distance as other P-P intervals
-
-
Normal QRS duration in an adult
-
-
Updated term for wandering atrial pacemaker
-
Multiformed atrial rhythm
-
The most common preexcitation syndrome
-
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
-
Atrial rate asso with type I atrial flutter
-
-
Consequence of decreased ventricular filling time
-
-
Type of meds: Verapamil, diltiazem
-
-
-
-
ECG characteristic of nonconducted PAC
-
Early P wave with no QRS following it
-
-
1st line med used for most types of PSVT
-
Atrial rate asso with atrial fib
-
-
Type of med: Esmolol, atenolol, metoprolo, propranolol
-
-
Term referring to the sudden onset or cessation of a dysrhythmia
-
-
Ventricular rhythm may be reg or irreg, waveforms resembling teeth of a saw or picket fence before QRS
-
-
Early beat initiated by an irritable atrial site
-
-
Irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm, no identifiable P waves
-
-
Before elective cardioversion, prophylactic tx with___ is recommended for the pt in atrial fib
-
-
Impulses originating from a source other than the SA node
-
-
Name given to a dysrhythmia that originate in the AV junction with a ventricular rate btw 61-100 BPM
-
Accelerated junctional rhythm
-
____ toxicity/excess is a common cause of junctional dysrhythmias
-
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