Bio 101

Composed of fluid-like phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins.

Outside of cell membrane in some organisms; composed of carbohydrates (cellulose or chitin) or carbohydrate derivative (peptidoglycan)

• Material outside nucleus
• 1. site for metabolic activity
• 2. Cytosol: solutions with dissolved substances such as glucose, CO2, O2, etc.
• 3. Organelles: Membranebound subunits of cells with specialized functions.

Supportive and metabolic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

Simpler cellular organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Comples cellular organization

Bound organelles including nucleus, nuceolus, rough endoplasmaic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisome, chloroplast, chromoplast, leukoplast, mitochondrion, vacuole.

Single atom

Contains DNA/chromosomes, control cellular activites via genes.

Located within Nucleus, site for ribosomes synthesis

With ribosomes, involved protein synthesis

without ribosomes, involved primarily in lipid synthesis

Packaging center for molecules; carbohydrate synthesis

Contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

Involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degradation

site of photosynthesis

Contains DNA

non green pigment

stores starch

ATP production

General storage and space filling structure. Water cavity in cell

movement from an area of high to low concentration

Diffusion across a semi-permable membrane

Intaking

• Phagocytosis-cell eating
• Pinocytosis-cell drinking

Expelling materials from cell

Postive

Negative

neutral

More nutrons-remains neutral

Positive charge

Water has a positive charge

Different forms of an element

Unstable Isotopes / radio Isotopes

losing, gaining or sharing electrons

• Inner shell 2
• Outshells 8

• Stuff with mass
• Weight & mass are synonyms

• # of atoms in chart
• # of protons in atom

Most outside shell, will never have more than 8 e-

Atom with a charge

Lost or gain of an eletron.

Same elements Different masses

Due to different number of of nuetrons

Two or more atoms linked together

Molecules with two or more different elements

such as water= H20

Shared valance

Strong e- shared in pairs.

2 atoms in a molecule

forms between oppositely charged area of covalent bonds

Polar molecules Water is polar

• Covalent
• Two pairs double bond
• Three triple bond covalent

Non covalent is much weaker

Hydrogen is the attraction between particular charges. Holds biological molecules together.

Base is 14

Acid is 0

Neutral is 7

Sugars, starch (plants create and store), glycogen ( only humans), cellulose (can not be digested), chitin (shell of fish), energy sources

fats and oils

Enzymes

DNA RNA

controls PH

• Weak acid or base
• Accepts H+ when PH is low
• Releases H+ when PH is high

Basic building blocks

Chains of monomers bonded together

where proteins are made

Made by gogli

• Breaks down sugars
• contains DNA

Universal storage modular

Can be used by any cell in any form

Like cash

• like rigatoni. stronger, more supportive
• rope like, movements within cells

Spagetti like

Kitchen twine...several tiny threads to create one strong thread

Holds cell walls together in bond, leak proof. nothing moves between cells

Hooks that go between cells but allow small molecules to pass between the cell walls such as water.

Channels that allow molecules to pass between cells.

channels within only plant cells

cause cells to talk and work long distances.

Travel in sap in plants.

are the building blocks of DNA

Polar

Non polar

Exocytosis