Feb14AP2April

is when an RH negative gives birth to a RH positive child. This means the dad has to be RH positive. During birthing process fetal blood crosses the placenta barrier and gets into the mothers blood. This will cause her to make antibodies against RH positive factor. Next pregnancy we have another RH positive child the mothers blood will now contain RH positive antibodies that will cross back to the fetus and start attacking the fetal blood causing a glutination

There are 5 types; Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes

are 70%. They are elevated during acute bacterial infection

are elevated with parasitic infections or allergies

are the rare ones in the blood only 1%. They are elevated most definitely during allergies releasing histamine and are also present with chicken pox and diabetes mellitus

is a chemical substance released by the basophils. It causes runny nose, itchy water eyes

represent 25% of WBC. They are responsible for producing antibodies and also t cells. They are elevated during viral infection, cancer and bacterial infection

exit the circulatory system, when this happens they mature into macrophages. They will be elevated during chronic infections, viral infections and fungal infections. They linger the longest after an infection doing the cleanup work and they neutralize the left over parts so your body doesn’t have further allergic reaction to those parts

are phagocytes, which means they gobble things up. They engulf the bacteria and have enzymes that dissolve its cell wall

means your WBC count is below five thousand. This can be from heavy metal poisoning, radiation

is when your WBC count is above ten thousand.
This can be present from any infection; fungal, bacterial or viral. Emotions, allergies, and leukemia can also increase count

are made from megakaryocytes. They help you for platelet plugs or clots (clotting molecules), are vassal constrictors, and dissolve clots when needed. They
attract WBC to the area helping with the broken line of defense reducing the possibility of getting an infection. They secrete growth factors cells

in blood vessels are coated with a platelet repellent which would be similar to a teflon coating

is accomplished by cascade of chemical reactions. Most clotting factors are secreted by the liver

of blood is very important in the circulatory system. When dilution occurs Thrombin can accumulate. It is normally is pretty dilute in blood

are floating around in the blood to help with clotting. Heparin would be an example that is found in the blood

is secreted by basophils

is a condition of abnormal clotting of the blood which would result in a stroke. It is a clot that may be large enough to block a blood vessel

is a broken piece of thrombosis that can travel a distance with the possibility of blocking an artery causing tissue death or infarction

are common in legs, veins of inactive people. Anti-embolism socks maybe required. If this is present you may be asked to take aspirin, or coumadin

may require aspiration biopsy scientology

is the marrow taken from the iliac crest or the sternum. Transplants are usually done intravenously.

is due to blood loss like a hemorrhage, a bone marrow disorder, ulcer, and menstruation. It can also be caused from chemo or radiation treatments

is poorly developed RBC

is a common anemia that occurs when iron loss (often from intestinal bleeding or menses) occurs, and/or the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient. In such a state, hemoglobin, which contains iron, cannot be formed. This is most common deficiency worldwide

is due to a vitamin b 12 deficiency. A molecule called Intrinsic factor is produced by stomach cells. This affects alcoholics, vegetarians. B12 can be taken various ways, shots or absorption from under the tongue

pertains to folic acid that is a b vitamin (B9). This is dangerous for expecting mothers which the risk of spinal bifida to the child

is more common in Africans and African American about 1 in 500 actually have it. It is recessive so most that have it are carriers. Parts in Africa ½ are carries but protects against malaria making it a fair trade off

Cardiovascular systems are divided to 2 systems

Cardiovascular system that supplies the blood to the lungs

Cardiovascular system that supplies the blood to everything else

Heart lies in the pericardial cavity that is coated with tissue called

lines the outside cavity of heart itself

lines the heart

Fluid between the Parietal Pericardium and Visceral Pericardium is referred to as ______________, which is there to keep friction from happening

is inflammation of the tissue due to friction or rubbing (very painful)

is the outside which is synonymous with the visceral pericardia

Underneath the Epicardium is the muscle called the

is the inside of the heart

is the failure of a valve to prevent reflux (reflux meaning blood should not be allowed back into the upper chambers). The mitral value is the one that is mainly affected, this is called mitral valve prolapsed. About 1 in 40 individuals have this, it can be hereditary. A lot of times valves can get attacked by an infection like rheumatic fever

is the actual circulation going to the heart itself feeding the myocardium. These blood vessels for this circulation are on the heart wall. The heart is not feed by the blood it pumps it is fed by the arteries on the heart wall

comes from ischemia (lack of blood supply) causing hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the tissues) which is caused by a blood clot or atherosclerosis or quite often a combination of the two

is a condition of temporary and reversible myocardial ischemia. This means for a moment we have a lack of
blood supply causing lactic acid to build very fast. This causes heart pain but tissue is not dead. This won’t occur until blockage is 75% or greater

muscles that normally works off aerobic respiration, it never fatigues. It has large stores of oxygen (myoglobin), glycogen (for storing glucose) keeping the heart from getting into fermentation

is located on the right atrium. It is known as the pace maker of the heart that sets the rhythm. It sends signals to AV node, pace maker takes over for this

is the electrical gateway to the ventricles controlling the ventricle contractions

takes over if an SA node is damaged.
In other word something else is going to grab responsibility to keep you alive, most of the time it is AV node that does it, this usually drops the beats per minute to the 40-60 range

is when the AV node has taken over

Abnormal
cardiac rhythm is referred to as __________ or ___________. Heart monitors which monitor heart rhythm by doing electro cardio gram

is produced when signal from SA node fires causing atrial systole will begin during PQ segment

is the time required to go from SA node to AV node and atrial contractions will begin during PQ segment

marks the firing of the AV node and ventricle systole begins just after QRS complex and during ST segment

is ventricular depolarization that happens diastole or resting then it starts all over again

is when atrial is beating very fast but organized at 200-400 beat, and person is still alive. It is caused by
taking too much drugs or stimulants, excessive stress and/or sleep deprivation

is not a heart beats but more of a spasm 600-800 beats per minute, not pumping well

has an uncoordinated worm like movement and is not pumping blood at all. Cardiac arrest will eventually kill very quickly if not stopped

consists of a one complete contraction and relaxation

is referred to the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute, which would normally be 4-6 liters

is listening to the heart and/or bodily sounds

is the failure of either of the ventricle to eject blood properly or efficiently, caused by a weakened heart muscle which could be from a MI (myocardial infarction) or by chronic hyper tension, valvular insufficiencies or congenital defects

Left ventricle fails to pump blood which will cause blood to back up into the lungs

Right ventricle fails to pump blood you will get

molecules in the body like epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate are cardiac stimulants that are produced by the adrenal medulla which responding to arousal, exercise and stress

is resting heart rate too high (over 100 bpm)

is resting heart rate below 60 bpm, but can be common in athletes

comes out of brain stem and maintains back ground firing of your heart creating vagal tone. If severed heart rate will increase over 100 bpm, so it keeps the heart sedated