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cephalocaudal pattern of growth
sequence in which the earliest growth always occur from the TOP downward
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when is proportinal fastest growth?
within 1st year, from 5.5 and 15lbs; newborns gain ~1in/mo.during 1st year
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neurogenesis
proliferation of neuron through cell division (in brain development)
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synaptognesis
formation of connections (in brain development); 6mos. have 2x more synaptic connections
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synaptic pruning
elmination of excess synapses (in brain development); without it, children wouldn't be able to walk, talk or even see properly
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myelination
insulation sheath
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proximodistal pattern of growth
sequence in which growth starts in the CENTER of body and moves towards the extremities
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lateralization
specialization of fucntion in 1 hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other (under patterns of growth)
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(patterns of growht) Childrean who grow up in deprived environment experiene ___.
depressed brain activity
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hours of sleep for typical newborns
16-17 hrs/day
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when do newborns move to adult-like sleepig time/pattern?
by 4 months of age
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SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome- infants stop breaking & die without cause; high risk at 2-4 months of age; risk decreased when infant sleeps on its back and when a pacifier is used
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marasmus
a severe protein-calorie deficiency
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kwashiorkor
severe protein deficiency that causes the abdomen and feet to swell with water; causes vital organs to collect nutrients, deprivign other parts of body
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rooting reflex
infant's cheek is stroked --> infant turn its head to the side that was touched
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moro reflex
automatic arching of back and wrapping of arms to center of body when starteld
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grasping reflex
infant's hands close around anything that touches the palm
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gross motor skills
skills that involve large-muscle activities (walking, grabbing for objects)
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fine motor skills
involve finely tuned movements; PALMER GRASP=grasping with whole hand
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visual preference method
infants look at different things for different lenghts of time (they look at preferred objects longer)
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habituation
habituation--decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repated presentations
(research method) presenting one stimulus at at time & waiting for habituation to occur
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dishabituation
recvovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation (under research methods)
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newborn's vision
- 20/600
- (object 20ft away appears as if its were 600ft away)
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perceptual constancy
sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant
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size constancy
recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes
-babiesas young as 3mos show size constancy; continues to develop until 10-11 years
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shape constancy
- recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes
- -3 mos show shape constancy, but not for irregular shaped objects
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___ & ___ studied development of depth perception using a ____.
[[ Gibson & Walk ]] studied development of depth perception using a [[ "visual cliff" ]]
- --infants 6-12 mos = distinguish depth
- --infants 2-4 mos = show heart rate difference when placed on a deep side of cliff
- --infants develop binocular depth cues by about 3-4 months of age
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when can fetuses hear &learn sounds ? when can they recognize their mother's voice?
during LAST 2 MONTHS OF PREGNANCY & can recognize their mother's voice AT BIRTH
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when do babies establish a PREFERENCE FOR MOTHER'S SMELL?
by 6 days
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intermodal perception
ability to integrate info from 2 or more sensory modalities
- -babies are born with some inate abilities to perceive relations among senses
- -their abilities imporive considerably through experience
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percpetual-motor coupling
action guides perception, and perception guides action
action<--->perception
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