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Cartilage on articular surfaces of bone, embryonic skeleton, nose, trachea, & rib (costal) cartilage.
Function: smooth surface for movement at joints; flexibility & support.
Hyaline Cartilage
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Cartilage found in the ear, & has elastic fibers.
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Cartilage found in intervertebral discs, Pubic Symphysis & Meniscus of the knee, & temporal mandibular joint (TMJ). Has collagen fibers.
Fibrocartilage
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Which tissue has elastic fibers?
Elastic Cartilage
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Which tissue has collagen fibers?
Fibrocartilage
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_________ connective tissue is composed of chondrocytes with a very dense matrix.
Cartilage
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Chondrocytes are found within small empty spaces in the matrix called ________, & C.T. fibers help make up the matrix.
Lacunae
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Types of Cartilage
Hyaline, Elastic, & Fibrocartilage
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________ connective tissue is made up of living cells (osteocytes) surrounded by a hard, nonliving matrix made up of proteins & calcium phosphate.
Bone
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_________ are found within a space in the matrix called lacuna. (similar to the lacuna of cartilage)
Osteocytes
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The ______ system provides a framework for the body; provides protection to underlying tissues; produces blood cells (red bone marrow); stores nutrients (Ca & Phos).
Skeletal
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Bones can be classified as _____ or _____ bone.
compact or spongy
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- Long Bones consist of:
- - Diaphysis = bone's shaft/body
- - Epiphysis = proximal & distal ends
- - Metaphysis = between diaphysis & epiphysis;
- - Articular Cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis where the bone forms a joint with another bone.
- - Periosteum = external bone surface
- - Medullary Cavity = marrow cavity (yellow fatty bone marrow) w/in the diaphysis.
- - Endosteum = thin membrane lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity.
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Basic structural unit of compact bone.
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Haversian Canal or Central Canal = runs longitudinally or the length of the bone, through compact bone containing blood vessels & lymphatic vessel.
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Lacunae = empty spaces in the matrix, where osteocytes are found.
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Volkmann's Canals = runs transversely through compact bone containing blood vessels & ltmphatic vessel.
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Structure: Tiny hairlike channels connecting between lacunae & osteocytes to each other & the central canal.
Function: Transportation of nutrients & wastes.
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Function of Bones
- Support - Framework supports body & cradles organs.
- Protection - Protective case for brain, spinal cord, & vital organs.
- Muscle levers
- Mineral Storage - especially Ca & Phos
- Blood Cell Formation - hemopoiesis occurs w/in the marrow cavities.
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Water ground substance allows resiliency; Contains fibers & cells (chondrocytes); Contains no blood vessels or nerves; Surrounded by perichondrium; 3 Types.
Cartilage
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- W/in certain bones, a C.T. that produces RBC, WBC, & platelets.
- Consists of developing blood cells, adiposcytes, fibroblasts, & macrophages within a network of reticular fibers.
- Found in spongy or trabeculae of bone
Red Bone Marrow
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When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 18-21, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone; the resulting bony structure is known as the ____.
Epiphyseal Plate
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In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an _____ _______, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length.
Epiphyseal (growth) Plate
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A hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.
Medullary Cavity
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A thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of cells & a small amount of C.T.
Endosteum
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About 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, & 50% crystallized mineral salts.
Extracellular Matrix
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4 types of cells present in bone tissue
- - Osteogenic Cells
- - Osteoblasts
- - Osteocytes
- - Osteoclasts
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Stem Cells from mesenchyme ; Only bone cells to undergo cell division ; Develops into an Osteoblasts ; Found along inner portion of periosteum, in the endosteum, & in the canals w/in bone that contain blood vessels.
Osteogenic Cells
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Bone-building cells ; Forms bone matrix; Initiate calcification ; Become Osteocytes.
Osteoblasts
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Mature bone cells; Main cells in bone tissue; Maintains bone tissue.
Osteocytes
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Huge cells ; Concentrated in the endosteum ; Releases lysosomal enzymes & acids that digest protein & mineral components of the underlying bone matrix, Resorption.
Osteoclast
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Spongy bone consists of lamellae arranged in an irregular lattice of thin columns called ______.
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______ bone tissue does not contain osteons.
Spongy
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The spaces between trabeculae help make bones lighter & can sometimes be filled with ______________, which contains numerous small blood vessels.
Red Bone Marrow
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_________ receive nourishment from the blood circulating through the blood vessels in the spaces between trabeculae.
Osteocytes
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Slitlike opening ; narrow ; for nerves or blood vessels.
- Fissure (in the picture = superior orbital fissure)
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Round or oval opening through a bone for nerves or blood vessels.
- Foramen(in picture = mental foramen of mandible)
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- Fossa
- (In picture = fossa for cerebellum of occipital)
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Groove along a bone; blood vessels, nerves, or tendons sit in these grooves.
Sulcus
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- Meatus
- (In picture = External Auditory Meatus)
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- Process
- (In picture = Mastoid Process of Temporal bone)
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Flat surface where the bone articulates (from a joint); the surface is also smooth.
Facet
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Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
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Raised area above a condyle.
Epicondyle
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Rounded articular projection that articulates with another bone.
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Small, narrow ridge of bone
Line
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Large projection/Blunt surface (muscle attachment)
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Small projection
Tubercle
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Large projection ; Rounded
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The axial skeleton includes which bones?
Skull bones, hyoid bone, sternum, ribs, & vertebrae
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The appendicular skeleton includes which bones?
of the appendages & the bones that attach the appendages to the axial skeleton.
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The human skeleton has 206 bones that are subdivided into 2 major classes:
the Axial Skeleton & the Appendicular Skeleton
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