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What is marasmus?
calorie malnutrition
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What is Kwashiorkor?
- protein malnutrition
- importance of protein quality as well as quantity
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Most cases of sever malnutrition are a combination of marasmus and Kwashiorkor. THey are characterized by what?
- failure of growth
- behavioral changes
- edema
- dermatosis
- changes in hair
- loss of appetite
- liver enlargement
- anemia
- osteoporosis
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What are the 4 dental complications of malnutrition?
- increased caries
- enamel hypoplasia
- salivary gland hypofunction
- delayed eruption
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What is the difference between primary and secondary disorders?
- primary disorders - missing a certain type of food cause the disease. nutritional disorders are resulted because of simple dietary deficiencies
- secondary disorders - underlying conditions of malnutrtion that causes the disorders
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What are some types of disorders that causes malnutrition?
- chronic alcoholism
- pregnancy and lactation
- renal dialysis
- eating disorders
- diuretics
- malabsorption syndromes
- neoplasms
- food fads
- vegans
- AIDS
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What is the most common effect of nutritional deficiency?
Anemia
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What causes anemia?
any factor that decreases hematopoiesis
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Gold standard defintion of anemia? practical standard definition of anemia?
- gold standard : low total body red cell mass
- practical standard : low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit
- can be wrong for those who recently lost blood or is an athelete
- males - Hb <14 g/dL
- females - <12 g/dL
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What is the most important cause of anemia?
- iron deficiency
- problem = rate of dietary uptake is close to the rate of loss
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what are the important multiple factors for iron deficiency anemia?
- dietary factors - iron availability
- malabsorption - partial gastrectomy patient will develop this
- blood loss - menses, gastrointestinal bleeding
- increased demand - pregnancy, growth in children
- congenital - atransferrinemia
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What is the pathophysiology of iron deficiency?
- iron is mobilized from stores and increased intestinal absorption occurs
- total iron stores are depleted, serum iron levels fall
- severe - red cells become smaller (microcytic) and their hemoglobin content is reduced (hypochromic-look paler in smear)
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What is the normal MCV (mean corpuscular volume) vs. microcytic MCV?
- normal MCV = 80-100 fL
- microcytic MCV = <80fL
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What is megaloblastic anemias?
presence of abnormal WBCs (abnormal nuclei) as well as RBCs (larger cells referred to as macrocytic)
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Megaloblastic anemias are consequence of what?
- of disordered DNA synthesis
- disrupts DNA synthesis and cell proliferation -> neural tube defects
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What causes megaloblatic anemias?
- 1. folate deficiency
- 2. cobalamin (B12) deficiency
- 3. B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency
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What causes folate deficiency?
- dietary deficiency
- malabsorption
- increased demand during pregnancy
- drugs - methotrexate, anticonvulsants, ethanol, estrogen contraceptives
- liver disease
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what causes cobalamin (B12) deficiency?
- lack of intrinsic factor
- is called pernicious anemia due to lack of cobalamin (b12)
- malabsorption
- parasitic - fish tapeworms
- bugs make these in guts, so never primary disorder
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What causes B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency?
associated with alcoholism
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In blood, smear, how would megaloblastic anemia cells look different from normal cell?
- cells are larger
- cells have segmented nuclei
- hypersegmented neutrophil
- macro-ovalocyte RBCs
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in addition to folate, B6, or B12 deficiency megaloblastic anemia is also associated with what 4 things?
- methotrexate
- AZT
- liver disease
- ethanol (most common)
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How are the tissues of oral cavity a sensitive indicator of adequate nutritional status?
- these soft tissues have epithelial cells that have rapid rates of replication, metabolism and differentiation
- requires steady supply to nutrients
- cell turnover every 3-7 days
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What is Vitamin A necessary for?
necessary to form retinal, part of the rhodopsin
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What happens in deficiency of Vitamin A?
- Deficiency causes night blindness (mild)
- to total loss of sight (severe)
- skin lesions in the eye causes keratomalacia (cornea thinning, cell taking over) and appearance of Bitot's spots (reversible)
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What is the advantages of Vitamin A?
decreased resistance to infections
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What is Vitamin D needed for?
required for bone mineralization
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What disease is associated with deficiency of Vitamin D?
- Rickets - deficiency in children that results in a failure to mineralize osteoid matrix (in young)
- osteomalacia - deficiency in adutls that results in decreased appositional bone growth (in adults)
- can cause increased incidence of colon and prostate cancer
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What is vitamin E also known as?
tocopherols
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What does Vitamin E do?
tocopherols act as anti-oxidants and decrease the peroxidation of fatty acids
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Deficiency of Vitamin E leads to what? and how does that occur?
- deficiency is associated with mild anemia and spinocerebellar ataxia (hard time coording arm and leg movement)
- mutations in the gene encoding vitamin E binding protein-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) -> ataxia
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Vitamin E is most commonly as secondary disorder associated with what?
a fat malabsorption syndrome
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What is Vitamin K also known as?
phylloquinone
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What is Vitamin K needed for?
required for production of specific clotting factors (factors II, VII, IX, and X)
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Deficiency in Vitamin K is characterized by what?
by elevated clotting times principally due to low prothrombin
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How does deficiency in Vitamin K occurs in adult vs. newborns?
- adults - occur as 2ndary disorder since Vit K is produced by normal intestinal bacteria. associated with use of some disease
- newborns - occur because placental transfer is poor, breast milk is low in vit K, and the GI tract is nearly sterile. Normal platelet count, elevated prothrombin time (PT) and elevated partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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What is thiamine also known as?
Vitamin B1
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Classic deficiency of thiamine is know as what? What are the subclasses for that and what is it?
- Beriberi
- 1. "dry" - involves nervous system damage
- 2. "wet" - associated with cardiomyopathy
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what is the characteristic of deficiency in thiamine/B1?
by peripheral neuropathy that affects sensation particularly in legs (associated with demyelination of peripheral nerves)
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what is the syndrome in severe cases of Thiamine/B1 deficiency?
- Korsakoff syndrome - edema and cardiomyopathy can occur
- characterized by impaired ocular motility, ataxia, mental confusion
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When thiamine deficiency is suspected, what does that patient take?
usually all soluble vitamins because if one B vitamin is missing, most likely the others are too
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What is another name for niacin?
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What is the classic deficiency of niacin?
pellagra = rough skins
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What is niacin most commonly associated with?
alcoholism
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What are the symptoms for Niacin deficiency?
- 3 D's - dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
- hyperkeratosis and vesiculation of skin (skin on neck, chest and back of hands can become brown and scaly)
- nausea, vomitting, and diarrhea
- insomnia, depression, confusion, and rapid mood change
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What is vitamin B12 also known as?
cobalamin
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where is B12/cobalamin found?
- widely distributed in foods
- also produced by intestinal bacteria
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Deficiency in Vit B12/cobalamin results in what?
- pernicious anema
- spinal cord sclerosis - thickening of spinal chord
- atrophy of mucous tissues
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How is Vit B12/cobalamin taken up?
- taken up from GI tract by proteinc alled intrinsic factor
- associtead with gastric atrophy and decrease in intrinsic factor mediated uptake
- decreased absorption in elderly ppl -> reduced tissue B12 levels
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What is Vit C also known as?
ascorbic acid
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What is the classic deficiency of Vit C/ascorbic acid?
scurvy
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what is Vit C/ascorbic acid required for?
for maturation of collagen
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Deficiency in Vit C/ascorbic acid leads to what?
- in an inability to produce mature collagen -> Connective Tissue disorder
- inability to synthesize osteoid and dentin
- decreased wound healing and loss of blood vessel wall integrity
- fatigue, purpura, dermatitis - in severe cases oral lesions
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What is B6 also known as?
pyridoxine
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What is a deficiency that is associated with B6/pyridoxine?
megaloblastic anemia
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Severe case of B6/pyridoxine deficiency lead to what?
to a peripheral neuropathy
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For B6/pyridoxine, are primary deficiency rare? If it is, what is more common?
- RARE
- subclinical deficiencies more common
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Other vitamins, such as B2 and biotin are associated with deficiencies but they less likely to have important roles in overt clinical deficiency syndromes.
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other major minerals are what?
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What happens when there's too little of iodine?
hypothyroidism and goiter
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What is calcium needed for? too much calcium causes what? too little calcium causes what?
- needed for: bone mineralization
- too much: bone loss observed in elderly
- too little: increased risk of periodontal disease
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Deficiency in iron causes what?
anemia
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trace elements are required for...
normal development and metabolism
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What are the trace elements?
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deficiency in zinc originally described in pts receiving....
total parenteral nutrition
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Zinc deficiency can be secondary effect of what 2 things?
- acrodermatitis
- enteropathica
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zinc deficiency is characterized by?
- alopecia (baldness)
- dermatitis
- diarrhea
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Copper deficiencies are associated with what?
severe malabsorption syndromes or total parenteral nutrition
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Copper deficiency resembles what?
- iron deficiency anemia
- osteoporosis
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Fluoride levels in drinking water great than ____ can cause _____.
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chronic fluorosis can produce what?
abnormal calcification of tendons and ligaments
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What is the dilemma regarding RDA?
- RDA is the recommended amount
- many adults in US receive less than RDA for variety of vitamins and minerals but do not exhibit over deficiency symptoms
- research have shown that vitamine supplements don't harm and don't help
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what is hypervitaminosis?
too much a certain vitamin
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Too much of vitamin A causes what?
- both acute and chronic effects
- intake 6-7 times the RDA
- decreased growth, bone pain, liver damage (fatty change)
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too much of Vitamin D causes what?
chronic effects include abnormal calcification in heart and kidney
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too much vit E causes what?
- elevated serum lipids and depressed thyroxine (rare)
- main effect: antagonize vitamin K (increased bleeding times)
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What are the water soluble vitamins?
- nicotinic acid
- thiamine
- vitamin C
- folic acid pyridoxine
- *can just go out in urine
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what happens with too much nicotinic acid?
- skin flushing
- itching & skin rashes
- some altered liver function
- *treat cholesterol
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too much thiamine causes...
- when injected, causes hypersensitivity rxn at site of injection
- treat alcolishm
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Too much vit C causes what?
GI disturbances & skin rash (very rare)
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too much folic acid causes what?
birth defects
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too much pyridoxine causes what?
sensory neuropathy
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Second leading actual causes of death in US is what?
Diet/activity - 28% (after tobacoo 39%)
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What are the problems associated with determing the contribution of specific dietary constituents to a disease?
- 1. control - in most nutritional studies, there are no unexposed controls.
- 2. multiple variables - some nutrients are highly correlated (co-correlated)
- 3. animal studies a. rarely duplicate the nutritional status of humans b. are real physiological differences between species c. must compress what happens in years to weeks or months
- 4. accurate reporting - human diets are complex and constantly changing. we can't remember what we eat to have meaningful details
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What kind of study is helpful for nutritional studies?
cross-cultural
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What are main known environmental causes of human cancers?
- smoking
- dietary imbalances (excess fat and calories)
- chronic infections
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An increased risk of what type of cancers is related to obesity and/or dietary fat ?
- colon
- endometrium
- breast
- ovary
- prostate
- kidney
- *PECKOB
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There does NOT appear to be a clear and simple relationship between dietary fiber and colon cancer
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There is a general relationship between fat intake and overall age-adjusted death rates in different cultures. take home message is...
reduce fat in your diet!!!
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Differences between carcinogens and mutagens
- carcinogens - causes cancer and takes a long time to tests w/ lots of $$$
- mutagens - can become agents that causes cancer. quicker and cheaper
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Humans use lots of additives. Nitrates are used as preservatives in meat. How can that be carcinogenic?
can be converted to nitrosoamines -> carcinogenic
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Where do we see carcinogens and mutagens in food?
- 1. food additives
- 2. naturally occuring
- 3. resulting from storage, processing, or cooking
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Improperly stored grains and nuts can accumulate mold metabolites known as what?
aflatoxins - 1 of the most potent carcinogens
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high temp during cooking can convert natural metabolites into what?
heterocyclic amines (HCAs) = mutagenic
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co-correlation between meat consumption and what?
colon cancer risk
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epidemiological evidence for relationship btw intake of highly salted foods and what?
- stomach cancer
- high in Japan
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What is the relationship between vitamins and chemoprevention?
- The rationale of using vitamins as anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogens
- however, most shows no beneficial effect on cancer risk
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phytochemicals as dietary factors in chemoprevention?
- yes, relationship between plant constituents and decreased cancer risk
- some specific compounds - carotenoids, terpenes, indoles, soy isofalvones, polyphenols, organosulphur compounds
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what is the equation on how to calculate body mass index (BMI)? Does not work for those who are...
- wt (kg)/ht2(m)
- value of 25-27 - increase health risk
- more than 30 - obese
- overestimates fatness in muscular or athletic ppl
- not good for adolescents or children
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statistical relationship between being overweight and decreased longevity. what is obesity?
- men: >25% body fat
- women: >30% body fat
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what are the diseases associated with obesity (7) ?
- cardiovascular disease
- diabetes mellitus
- Cholelithiasis
- cancer
- hypertension
- osteoarthritis
- thrombosis
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High fat diets are risk factor in atherosclerosis. Recommended amount of dietary fat is what?
no more than 30% of total caloric intake
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what is clearly a risk factor in atherosclerosis?
- high serum cholesterol levels
- relationship between dietary cholesterol intake and serum cholestero is not direct cuz of hepatic cholesterol
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What is the relationship between alcohol and chronic heart disease?
- drinking too much alcohol increases heart disease risk
- moderal - lowers risk
- does not recommend nondrinkers start using alcohol or that drinkers increase amount they drink
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Evidence of high carb diets are associated with increased risk of heart disease. The most important factor is what?
- calorie intake!!!
- low carb diet consume fewer total calories in recent study
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dietary sucrose is directly related to incidence of what?
dental caries but apparently not periodontal disease
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Is there validity to Halloween effect?
no, in controlled studies, there's no direct effect of sugar high in children
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What is the effects of TFAs or trans fatty acids?
- increases LDL cholesterol levels and decrease HDL cholesterol levesl
- responsbile for lots of premature coronary deaths each year
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Very high levels of niacin supplements have been shown to do what?
reduce serum cholesterol and triglycerides in many ppl
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What is the effects of n-3 PUFA - omega 3(n-3) fatty acids?
- increase HDL cholesterol
- decrease plasma triglycerides
- reduce reactivity of platelets, monocytes, and neutrophils
- reduce blood pressure
- have antiarrhythmic properties
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Too much dietary sodium can be bad. There is a direct relationship between sodium and what?
hypertension
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In Japan, what is the leading cause of death and why?
- cerebrovascular disease
- average daily intake of sodium of 20gm/day (compared to recommended of 6 gms/day)
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What is the genetic factor of sodium and hypertension?
about 30% of ppl in US is sensitive to dietary sodium so they are recommended to take less
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Who should NOT be on low sodium diets?
those who do not produce enough ADH - adrenal insufficency
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