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the science of collecting, describing, and interpreting data
statistics
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a collection, or set, of individuals, objects, or events whose properties are to be anazlyzed
population
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a subset of a population
sample
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a characteristic of interest about each individual element of a population or sample
variable
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the value of the variable associated with one element of a population or sample.
- Data value
- (may be a number, a word, or a symbol)
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the set of values collected from the variable from eachof the elements that belong to the sample
data
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a planned activity whoe results yield a set of data
experiment
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a numerical value summarizing all the data of an entire population
parameter
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a numerical value summarizing the sample data
statistic
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a variable that describes or categorizes an element of a population
qualitative variable
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a variable that quantifies an element of a population
quantitavive variable
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a qualitative variable that characterizes an element of a population.
nominal variable
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arithmetic operations are not meaningful for data, and an order cannot be assigned to categories
nominal variable
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a qualtiative variable that incorporates an ordered position, or ranking
ordinal variable
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a quantitative variable that can assume a countable number of values
discrete variable
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can assume any values corresponding to isolated points along a line interval...there is a gop between any two values
discrete variable
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a quantitative variable that can assume an uncountable number of values.
continuous variable
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can assume any value along a line interval, including every possible value between any two values
continuous variable
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a sampling method that produces data that systematically differ from the sampled population
biased sampling method
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a list, or set, of the elements belonging to the population from which the sample will be drawn
sampling frame
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samples that are selected on the basis of being judged "typical."
judgment samples
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samples in which the elements to be selected are drawn on the basis of probablility
probability samples
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a sample design in which the elements of the sampling frame are treated equally and there is no subdividing or partitioning of the frame.
single-stage sampling
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a sample selected in such a way that evvery element in the population or sampling frame has an equal probability of being chosen
simple random sample
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a sample in which every kth item of the sampling frame is selected, starting from a first element, which is randomly selected from the first k elements
systematic sample
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a sample design in which the elements of the sampling frame are subdivided and the sample is chosen in more than one stage
multistage random sampling
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a sample obtained by stratifying the population, or sampling grame, and then selecting a number of items from each of the strata by means of a simple random sampling technique
stratified random sample
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a sample obtained by stratifying the population, or sampling frame, and then selecting a number of items in proportion to the size of the strata from each strata by means of a simle random sampling technique
proportional stratified sample
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a sample obtained by stratifying the population, or sampling frame, and then selecting some or all of the items from some, but not all, of the strata
cluster sample
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graphs that are used to summarize qualitative data.
circle graphs or bar graphs
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show the amount of data that belong to each category as a proportional part of a circle
circle graph
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show the amount of data that belong to each category as a proportionally sized rectangular area
bar graph
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a bar graph with the bars arranged from the most numerous category to the least numerous category. It includes a line graph displaying the cumulative percentages and counts for the bars
pareto diagram
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the pattern of variability displayed by the data of a variable
distribution
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displays the frequency of each value of the variable
distribution
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displays the data of a sample by representing each data value with a dot positioned along a scale
dotplot display
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displays the data of a sample using the actual digits that make up the data values
stem and leaf display
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a listing, often expressed in chart form, that pairs values of a variable with their frequency
frequency distribution
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a bar graph that represents a frequency distribution of a quantitative variable
histogram
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1. a title, which identifies the population or sample of concern
2. a vertical scale, which identifies the frequencies in the various classes
3. a horizontal scale, which identifies the variable x
histogram
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a frequency distribution that pairs cumulative frequencies with values of the variable
cumulative frequency distribution
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a line graph of a cumulative frequency or cumulative relative frequency distribution
ogive
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1. a title, wich identifies the population or sample
2. a vertical scal, which identifies either the cumulative frequencies or the cumulative relative frequencies
3. a horizontal scale, which identifies the upper class boundaries
agive
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the average with which you are probably most familiar.
mean
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the value of the data that occupies the middle position when the data are ranked in order according to size
median
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the number exactly midway between a lowest valued data, L, and a highest valued data, H.
midrange
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the difference in value between the highest valued data, H, and the lowest valued data, L
range
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a deviation from the mean is the difference between the value of x and th mean x bar.
deviation from the mean
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the mean of the absolute values of the deviations from the mean
mean absolute deviation
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the mean of the squared deviations
sample variance
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is the positive square root of the variance
sample standard deviation
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