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The process of creating or sharing meaning in informal conversation, group interaction, or public speaking.
Communication
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Individuals who assume the roles of senders & receivers during an interaction.
Participants
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Verbal utterances, visual images, & nonverbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed during communication.
Messages
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Thoughts in our minds & interpretations of other messages.
Meanings
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Words, sounds, & actions that are generally understood to represent ideas & feelings.
Symbols
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The process of putting our thoughts & feelings into words & nonverbal cues.
Encoding
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The process of enterpreting another's message.
Decoding
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The setting in which communication occurs, including what precedes & follows what is said.
Context
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A communication encounter's location, environmental conditions (temp, lighting, noise level), distance between communicators, seating arrangements, & time of day.
Physical Context
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The nature of the relationship that exists between the participants.
Social context
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The background provided by previous communication episodes between the participants that influence understandings in the current encounter.
Historical Context
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The mood & feelings each person brings to a conversation.
Psychological Context
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The values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations, & underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society.
Cultural Context
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Both the route traveled by the message & the means of transportation.
Channel
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Any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning.
Interference (noise)
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Sights, sounds, & other stimuli in the environment that draw people's attention away from intended meaning.
Physical Interference
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Internal distractions based on thoughts, feelings, or emotionalreactions to symbols.
Psychological Interference
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Thoughts & feelings that compete for attention & interfere with the communication process.
Internal Noise
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Distractions aroused by certain symbols that take our attention away from the main message.
Semantic Noise
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Reactions & responses to messages.
Feedback
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The different communication environments within which people interact, characterized by the # of participants & the extent to which the interaction is formal or informal, also called communication contexts.
Communication Setting
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The interactions that occur in a person's mind when he or she is talking with himself or herself.
Intrapersonal Communication
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Informal interactions between 2 people who have an identifiable relationship with each other.
Interpersonal Communication
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2 - 20 people who participants come together for specific purpose of solving a problem or arriving at a decision.
Small Group Communication
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One participant, the speaker, delivers a prepared message to a group or audience who has assembled to hear the speaker.
Public Communication
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Messages spoken without much conscious thought.
Spontaneous Expressions
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Phrasings learned from past encounters that we judge to be appropriate to the present situation.
Scripted Messages
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Messages put together w/careful thought when we recognize that our known scripts are inadequate for the situation.
Constructed Messages
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The degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship.
Immediacy
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The degree to which one participant is perceived to be more dominant or powerful.
Control
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Systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.
Culture
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A set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group, or an individual.
Ethics
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A choice involving 2 unsatisfactory alternatives.
Ethical Dilemma
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The impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate & effective in a given situation.
Communication Competence
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A perception of a speaker's knowledge, trustworthiness, & warmth.
Credibility
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Communicating without appearing to be anxious or nervous.
Social Ease
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Fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.
Communication Apprehension
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A body of symbols (most commonly words) & the systems for their use in messages that are common to the people of the same speech community.
Language
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A group of people who speak the same language (also called a language community)
Speech Community
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Symbols used by a speech community to represent objects, ideas, & feelings.
Words
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A theory claiming that language influences perception.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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The direct, explicit meaning a speech community formally gives a word.
Denotation
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The feelings or evaluations we associate with a word.
Connotation
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The position of a word in a sentence & the other words around it.
Syntactic Context
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Cultures in which messages are direct, specific, & detailed.
Low-Context Cultures
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Cultures in which messages are indirect, general, & ambiguous.
High-Context Cultures
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Use words of empathy & support, emphasize concrete & personal language, & show politeness & tentativeness in speaking.
Feminine Styles of Language
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Use words of status & problem solving, emphasize abstract & general language, & show assertiveness & control in speaking.
Masculine Styles of Language
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Words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or group within that category.
Specific Words
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Words that appeal to the senses & help us see, hear, smell, taste, or touch.
Concrete Words
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Words that narrow a larger category to a smaller group within that category.
Precise Words
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Specifying the time or time period that a fact was true or known to be true.
Dating Information
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The mental & verbal practice of acknowledging the presence of individual differences when voicing generalizations.
Indexing Generalizations
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Wording that is full of life, vigorous, bright, & intense.
Vivid Wording
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A direct comparison of dissimilar things
Simile
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A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.
Metaphor
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The importance given to certain words or ideas.
Emphasis
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Technical terms whose meanings are understood only by select groups
Jargon
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Language choices that demonstrate respect for listener(s).
Linguistic Sensitivity
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Informal vocab used by particular groups in society.
Slang
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Using words that may apply only to one sex, race, or other group as though they represent everyone.
Generic Language
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Bodily actions & vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message.
Nonverbal Communication Behaviors
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Typed symbols that convey emotional aspects of an online message.
Emoticons
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The interpretation of how body motions communicate.
Kinesics
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Movements of our hands, arms, & fingers that we use to describe or to emphasize.
Gestures
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Gestures that augment a verbal message.
Illustrators
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Gestures can substitute for words.
Emblems
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Gestures that respond to a physical need.
Adaptors
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How & how much we look at people with whom we are communicating.
Eye Contact or Gaze
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How & how much we look at others when communicating.
Oculesics
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The arrangement of facial muscles to communicate emotional states or reactions to messages.
Facial Expressions
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The position & movement of the body.
Posture
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Posture in relation to another person.
Body Orientation
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Movement that helps clarify meaning (motivated) or movement that distracts listeners from the point being made (unmotivated).
Body Movement
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What & how touch communicates.
Haptics
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The interpretation of the message based on the paralinguistic features.
Vocalics
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The voiced but not verbal part of a spoken message.
Paralanguage
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The highness or lowness of vocal tone.
Pitch
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The loudness or softness of tone.
Volume
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The speed at which a person speaks.
Rate
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The sound of a person's voice that distinguishes it from others.
Quality
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The variety, melody, or inflection in one's voice.
Intonation
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Extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluent speech.
Vocalized Pauses
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The interpretation of a person's use of space & distance.
Proxemics
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The distance you try to maintain when you interact with other people.
Personal Space
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The physical environment over which you exert control.
Physical Space
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Objects & possessions we use to decorate the physical space we control.
Artifacts
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The interpretation of a person's use of time.
Chronemics
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A time orientation that emphasizes doing one thing at a time.
Monochromic Time Orientation
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A time orientation that emphasizes doing multiple things at once.
Polychronic Time Orientation
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Round & heavy body type.
Endomorph
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Muscular & athletic body type
Mesomorph
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Lean & little muscle development.
Ectomorph
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The process of receiving, constructing meaning from, & responding to spoken &/or nonverbal messages.
Listening
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Listening for enjoyment
Appreciative Listening
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Listening to understand the meaning of a message.
Discriminative Listening
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Listening to learn or remember
Comprehensive Listening
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Listening to understand the speakers feelings about the message.
Empathic Listening
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Listening to eval the truthfulness or honesty of a message.
Critical Listening
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The process of focusing on what a speaker is saying regardless of the potential distractions of other competing stimuli.
Attending
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Decoding a message accurately to reflect the meaning intended by the speaker.
Understanding
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Intellectually identifying with or vicariously experiencing the feelings or attitudes of another.
Empathy
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Experiencing an emotional response parallel to, & as a result observing, another person's actual or anticipated display of emotions.
Empathic Responsiveness
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Feeling concern , compassion, or sorrow for another because of the other's situation or plight.
Sympathetic Responsiveness
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Any artificial technique used as a memory aid.
Mnemonic Device
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Critically analyzing what you have heard to determine its truthfulness.
Evaluation
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Statements made by the speaker that are based on facts or observations.
Inferences
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Comforting statements that have a goal to reassure, bolster, encourage, soothe, console, or cheer up.
Supportive Messages
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A broad area of knowledge
Subject
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Some specific aspect of a subject
Topic
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An uncritical , nonevaluative process of generating associated ideas.
Brainstorming
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A visual means of exploring connections between a subject & related ideas.
Concept Mapping
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The study of the intended audience for your speech
Audience Analysis
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The process of tailoring your info to the needs, interests, & expectations of your speech audience.
Audience Adaptation
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Brief, often amusing stories
Anecdotes
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A 1 or 2 sentence statement that provides a sense of closure by driving home the importance of your speech in a memorable way.
Clincher
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The process of customizing your speech material to your specific audience.
Audience Adaptation
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The level of confidence that an audience places in the truthfulness of what a speaker says.
Credibility
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A type of communication anxiety (or nervousness), is the level of fear you experience when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience.
Public Speaking Apprehension
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Seeing public speaking as a situation in which a speaker must impress an audience with knowledge & delivery, & seeing an audience members as hypercritical judges.
Performance Orientation
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Seeing a speech situation as an opportunity to talk with a number of people about a topic that is important to the speaker & to them.
Communication Orientation
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A method to reduce apprehension by gradually visualizing increasingly more frightening speaking events.
Systemic Desensitization
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A method to systematically rebuild thoughts about public speaking by replacing anxiety-arousing negative self talk with anxiety-reducing positive self-talk.
Cognitive Restructuring
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Lively & dynamic
Animated
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Understandable
Intelligible
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Using the tongue, palate, teeth, jaw movement, & lips to shape vocalized sounds that combine to produce a word.
Articulation
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The form & accent of various syllables of a word.
Pronunciation
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The articulation, inflection, tone, & speech habits typical of native speakers of a language.
Accent
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A speech that is delivered with only minutes or seconds notice to prepare & usually no notes.
Impromptu Speech
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Speech that is researched & planned ahead of time, will vary from presentation to presentation.
Extemporaneous Speech
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An informative presentation that provides carefully researched , in-depth knowledge about a complex topic.
Expository Speech
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A message sent from one individual to another, often known as the grapevine.
Serial Communication
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Talking against someone, not merely about them.
Gossip
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3 Distortions that are properties of Serial Communication
Leveling, Sharpening, Assimilation
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SIMPLIFYING IT... Reduction & Omission of details. The original message is reduced to a simplified form in order to make it easier for the sender to transmit to the next person.
Leveling
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EMBELLISHING... Details become crystalized & heightened. The details which the sender finds most relevant, exciting, & interesting are highlighting, emphasized, & embellished.
Sharpening
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Message reworked in terms of our own attitudes, prejudices, needs, & values. Evaluation of the message/sender changes the message.
Assimilation
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WIIFM
What's in it for me?
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Always the 1st thing out of your mouth
Attention Grabber
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Makes it believable
Credibility
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Preview main points. Tells how you are going to do it.
Preview
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