-
The lateral edge of the spenoid bone is located _____________ to the temporal bone.
anterior
-
The frontal bone is located _______ to the parietal bone.
anterior
-
The ethmoid bone is located on the _______ of the eye socket.
medial
-
The zygomatic bone is a
facial bone
-
The lower jaw is called the
mandible
-
The upper jaw is called the
maxilla
-
The cheek bones are called
zygomatic bones
-
The lacrimal bone is located on the medial side of hte eye socket and is located ________ to the ethmoid bone.
anterior
-
What facial bone makes up part of the nasal septum
vomer
-
When you put your hand on the back of your skull, your hand will be on the _________ bone.
occipital
-
When sound waves enter the ear canal, the waves will cause which ossicle to vibrate first?
malleus
-
The structure on the mandible that makes up part of hte hinge joint of hte jaw is called the
mandibular condyle
-
Which ossicle is connected directly to the tympanic membrane?
malleus
-
How many pairs of ribs do men have compared to women?
Both have 12 pairs
-
The ribs attach to which set of vertebrate
thoracic
-
What is the name of the vertebra that is attached to the skull
atlas
-
The rib cage is part of the ________ skeleton.
axial
-
Cervical vertebrae can be identified from other vertebrae by the presence of extra holes called
transverse foramen
-
Ribs that do not have a connection to the sternum are called
false ribs
-
The spinal cord passes through a large hole in hte vertebrae called the
vertebral foramen
-
How many cervical vertebraes are there
7
-
Blood vessels and verves pass through ________ of hte skull to get to their destination
foramen
-
The skull bones, ribs, and bones of the pelvis are classified as what type of bone
flat bones
-
Epiphyses at the ends and a diaphysis in the middle describes
long bones
-
The projections of irregular bones such as on the vertebrae provide sites for the attachment of muscle tendons and ______.
ligaments
-
All the bones of the head, vertebral column, and the ribcage are considered
axial skeleton
-
The major protein in the fibers of hte bone matrix is
collagen
-
Bone serves to support the body, protect the organs, store calcium, and serve as sites of formation for
blood cells
-
Red bone marrow is particularly acitve at the center of bones such as the vertebrae and bones of the
sternum
-
The two ends of a long bone are known as
epiphyses
-
The thin layer of hyaline cartilage at the outer surface of hte end of a long bone is
articular cartilage
-
Wherever it lacks a cartilage cover, the long bone is covered with a connective tissue membrane known as the
periosteum
-
The interior portion of the epiphysis of a long bone consists of
spongy bone
-
The marrow cavity in long bones is filled with
yellow bone marrow
-
Spongy bone contains networks of bony plates and rods known as
trabeculae
-
The histological and physiological unit of compact bone is the
osteon
-
The microscopic spaces enclosing hte osteocytes of bone are the
lacunae
-
The central canals of osteons are connected by a system of channels called
perforating canals
-
The cells making hte protein and hydroxyapatite for bone growth are the
osteoblasts
-
Bone formation takes place by a process called
ossification
-
Before puberty, the long bone lengthens at a zone of cartilage beyond the ossification center called the
epiphyseal plate
-
Bone is remodeled and dissolved by substances secreted by bone resorbing cells referred to as
osteoclasts
-
The destruction and remodeling of bone provides the body with ions such as phosphate ions and
calcium ions
-
The excessive breakdown of bone may exceed its deposit in the condition called
osteoporosis
-
Semimovable joints are called
amphiarthroses
-
An immovable joint consisting of two adjacent edges of bone separated by a small amount of fibrous tissue is a
synovial joint
-
A diarthrosis is a freely movable joint consisting of two bones separated by a cavity called the
synovial fluid
-
Closed, fluid filled sacs found near diarthrotic joints are called
bursae
-
A diarthrotic joint that permits rotation is a
pivot joint
-
Mocement at a joint in which the angle between two bones is reduced is known as
flexion
-
When a body part is moved away from the midline of hte body, the movement is referred to as
abduction
-
When a body part moves toward the midline, the movement is
adduction
-
Twisting the head from side to side, such as when gesturing "no", is the joint movement
rotation
-
Turning the hand so that the palm is forward demonstrates the movement
supination
-
Flat bones help protect the delicate tissues of the
-
Fx of the skeleton system
- storing calcium and phosphate
- serving as sites for blood cell formation
- supporting the body
-
Irregular bones of the body include
patella
-
Bones of the axial skeleton
- ribs
- sternum
- vertebrae
- skull
-
Blood cell formation occurs in
red bone marrow
-
The diaphysis and epiphysis are portions of a
long bone
-
The periosteum is a connective tissue membrane that
cover portions of bones
-
Perforating canals connect the central canals with one another in the
compact bone
-
The principal bone forming cells of the body are
osteoblasts
-
Endochondral ossification occurs at the
epiphyseal plate
-
Bone ceases to lengthen when the
end of puberty is reached
-
Cells that resorb bone and provide calcium for the body are known as
ostioclasts
-
Where the two pubic bones come together, the joint that forms is
amphiarthrotic
-
The function of synovial fluid is to
lubricate a diarthrotic joint
-
An example of a hinged joint is found at the
knee
-
Where the concave surface of one bone fits the convex surface of another bone, hte joint is known as a
saddle joint
-
When a joint moves and reduces the angle between two bones at the joint, the movement is called a
flexion
-
Moving a body part away from the body's midline and back to the midline repesent two movements known as
-
Pronation is a joint movement in which the forearm is rotated so the palm is facing
backwards
-
The bones of the upper and lower appendages comprise the
appendicular skeleton
-
Movement of bones is provided by the body's
skeletal muscles
-
The cranial bones are fused together at immovable joints known as
sutures
-
The forehead and anterior roof of hte cranium is formed by the
fontal bone
-
The posterior cranial floor is formed by the
occipital bone
-
The occipital bone contains a large hole for passage of hte spinal cord known as the
foramen magnum
-
The bones that form the side walls of the cranium are called the
temporal bones
-
The projection of hte temporal bone helping form the cheekbone is the
zygomatic process
-
The cranial bone that has the shape of a butterfly and forms the anterior internal floor of the cranium is the
spenoid bone
-
Membranous areas between the skull bones present in the newborn are known as
fontanels
-
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right chambers by a vertical partition called the
vomer bone
-
Each zygomatic bone has a projection forming the anterior cheekbone and is known as the
temporal process
-
The smallest facial bones are the
lacrimal bones
-
The upper jaw is formed by two bones called
maxillae
-
The lower jaw bone is shaped as a horseshoe and is called the
mandible
-
The vertebral column is composed of 26 bones known as
vertebrae
-
The five sacral vertebrae fuse to one another to form the
sacrum
-
The vertebrae of the neck are know as
cervical vertebrae
-
The unfused vertebrae of hte vertebral column are separated from one another by
intervertebral disks
-
An abnormal sideways curve of the spinal column is known as
scoliosis
-
The weight-bearing cylinder of the vertebral bone that is found between the disks is the
body
-
The spinal cord extends through the vertebral column by passing through openings in the vertebrae known as
vertebral foramena
-
The first vertebrae of the vertebral column is called the
atlas
-
The three recognizable parts of the sternum are the manubrium, the body, and the
ziphoid process
-
The true ribs are attached directly to the sternum by the
hyaline cartilage
-
The last two pairs of ribs do not attach to the sternum and are known as
floating ribs
-
The arms are connected to the rib cage by connecting bones organized as the
pectoral girdle
-
The acromion and coracoid processes are both parts of a bone called the
scapula
-
The anterior rod shaped bone connecting the arm bones to the axial skeleton is the
clavicle
-
The area in the center of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches is called the
deltoid tuberosity
-
The phalanges of the hand are the bones found in the
fingers
-
The three bones of the pelvis are the ilium, ischium, and the
pubis
-
The largest and strongest bone of hte human body is the
femur
-
The kneecap bone is called the
patella
-
The thin leg bone found on the medial side of the lower leg is the
tibia
-
The toe bones are known as
phalanges
-
The appendicular skeleton is composed of bones of the
upper and lower appendages
-
The cranium is composed of a series of bones fused together at
sutures
-
Both the foramen magnum and the obturator foramen are
large holes in bones
-
The cheekbone is formed by processes of the
zygomatic and temporal bones
-
A saddle shaped depression in the sphenoid bone holding the pituitary gland is the
sella turcica
-
Both the maxillae and the palatine bones help to for the
hard palate
-
Scoliosis and kyphosis are conditions that result from
improper curvature of the spine
-
The atlas and the axis are the names of
the first two vertebrae
-
The manubrium is the
upper bone of the sternum
-
The clavicle is a rod-shaped bone of hte
pectoral girdle
-
The deltoid muscle attaches to the humerus at the
deltoid tuberosity
-
The area of the pelvis on which we sit is formed by
two ischia
-
What are the major fx of hte skeletal system
- support the body
- protection of soft organs
- movement due to attached skeletal muscle
- storage of minerals and fats
- blood cell formation
-
Compact (lamellar) bone is
-
Spongy bone consists of
- small needle-like pieces of bone
- light with many open spaces
-
What are the 4 main classifications of bone
- long bone
- short bone
- flat bone
- irregular bone
-
Long bones are
- longer than it is wide
- shaft with two enlarged ends
- contains mostly compact bone
- found mostly in appendicular skeleton
-
Short bones are
- cube shaped
- mostly spongy bone
- carpals, tarsals
-
Flat bones are
- thin and flattened
- usually curved
- thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
-
Irregular bones are
- irregular in shape
- do not fit into other bone classes
- vertebrae, pelvis
-
Major anatomical areas of a long bone
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal line (adults)
- epiphysis plate (kids)
-
Describe the diaphysis of a long bone
- shaft
- composed of compact bone
-
Describe the epiphysis of a long bone
- the ends of the bone
- composed of spongy bone
-
What is the epiphyseal line
thin line of bony tissue that crosses the epiphysis
-
What is the epiphysis plate
- It is in kids and is made of hyaline cartilage
- It causes lengthwise growth of long bones
-
Yellow marrow
- found in the medullary cavity
- fat tissues in Adults
-
Red marrow
- found in infants
- blood cells are formed
-
Lacunae
cavities containing osteocytes
-
lamellae
matrix rings around the central canal
-
Central (haversian) canal
opening for blood vessels and nerves
-
perforating (Volkman's) canal
canal perpendicular to the central canal
-
Canaliculi
radiates from the central canal to lacunae
-
Osteocytes are
mature bone cells
-
Osteoblasts are
immature, bone forming cells
-
Osteoclasts are
- Bone destroying cells
- They break down bone matrix and releases calcium ions into the blood
-
The periosteum around the bone is
- the outside covering of hte diaphysis
- fibrous connective tissue membrane
-
What do the Sharpey's fiber do
secure the periosteum to underlying bone
-
The articular cartilage
- cover the external surfaces of the epiphysis
- composed of hyaline cartilage
- decereases friction at joint surfaces
-
The medullary cavity
- cavity of the shaft
- contains yellow marrow in adults
- contains red marrow in infants
-
The Axial skeleton consists of
- skull
- spine
- ribs
- sternum
- hyoid
- ear ossicles
-
The cranial bones are
- frontal
- parietal (2)
- temporal (2)
- occipital
- spenoid
- ethmoid
-
The facial bones are
- maxilla (2)
- mandible
- palatine (2) make the hard palate
- lacrimal (2)
- zygomatic (2)
- nasal (2)
- vomer
- inferior nasal conchae (2)
-
The spine consists of
- cervical vertebrae
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumbar vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx
-
The ribs have
- 7 pair of true ribs
- 5 pair of false ribs
-
The sternum consists of three parts:
-
Describe the hyoid bone
- does not articulate with any other bone
- suspended by ligaments that attach to the temporal bone
- attachment site for the tongue and muscles that allow for speech and swallowing
-
The ear ossicles consist of
-
The appendicular skeleton consists of
- pectoral girdle
- arm
- pelvic girdle
- leg
-
The pectoral girdle consists of
-
The arm consists of
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals (8)
- metacarpals (5)
- phalanges (14)1
-
The pelvic girdle is know as the Os coxa which consist of
-
The legs consists of
- femur
- patella
- fibula
- tibia
- tarsals (7)
- metatarsals (5)
- phaanges (14)
-
Ossification is
- bone formation
- when bone is modeled around hyaline cartilage
-
List the three steps in ossification
- osteoblasts cover the hyaline cartilage model
- cartilage is digested away leaving a central (medullary) cavity
- osteoblast become trapped in new matrix and mature to become osteocytes
-
Bone is constantly changing in response to
- blood calcium levels
- gravity's pull on muscle and bone
-
synarthroses joints are
immovable
-
amphiarthroses joints are
slightly movable
-
synovial joints are
freely moveable joints
-
All synovial joints must have
- articular cartilage
- joint capsule
- joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- ligaments
-
Not all synovial joints will have
-
Types of synovial joints
- ball and socket
- condyloid
- hinge
- saddle
- pivot
- plane
-
Fractures are classified as
- simple-no skin penetration
- compound-skin penetration
-
Types of fractures
- comminuted
- compression
- depressed
- impacted
- spiral
- greenstick
-
A comminuted facture is
- bone breaks into many fragment
- at least 3 or more bone pieces
-
A compression fracture is
bone is crushed
-
A depressed fracture is when
broken bone portion is pressed inward
-
An impacted or buckle fracture is when
the broken bone ends are forced into each other
-
A spiral fracture is when it is when
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
-
A greenstick fracture is when the
bone breaks incompletely
-
Bursitis is due to the inflammation of the
bursae or synovial membrane
-
Osteoarthritis is
chronic degenerative condition that typically affects the aged
-
Rheumatoid arthritis is
- chronic inflammatory disorder
- onset is usually between 40 and 50 yrs
- affects more women than men
- autoimmune diesease
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